Preface ................................................................... xi Prologue .................................................................. xv 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1 1.1 Setting the Stage ............................................... 1 1.2 Definitions of Key Terms ........................................ 3 1.3 Levels of Organization .......................................... 8 1.4 Ecosystem ....................................................... 9 1.5 Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 11 1.6 Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 11 2. STREAM GENESIS AND STRUCTURE ........................................... 15 2.1 Introduction ................................................... 15 2.2 Water Flow in a Stream ......................................... 16 2.3 Stream Water Discharge ......................................... 17 2.4 Transport of Material .......................................... 18 2.5 Characteristics of Stream Channels ............................. 20 2.6 Stream Profiles ................................................ 20 2.7 Sinuosity ...................................................... 20 2.8 Bars, Riffles, and Pools ....................................... 22 2.9 The Floodplain ................................................. 22 2.10 Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 23 2.11 Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 24 3. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES .................................................. 25 3.1 Nutrient Cycles ................................................ 25 3.2 Carbon Cycle ................................................... 28 3.3 Nitrogen Cycle ................................................. 29 3.4 Phosphorus Cycle ............................................... 32 3.5 Sulfur Cycle ................................................... 33 3.6 Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 34 3.7 Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 35 4. ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEM ........................................... 37 4.1 Introduction ................................................... 37 4.2 Flow of Energy: The Basics ..................................... 37 4.3 Food Chain Efficiency .......................................... 39 4.4 Ecological Pyramids ............................................ 41 4.5 Productivity ................................................... 42 4.6 Productivity: The Bottom Line .................................. 44 4.7 Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 45 4.8 Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 45 5. POPULATION ECOLOGY ..................................................... 47 5.1 The 411 on Population Ecology .................................. 47 5.2 Population Ecology: How Is It Applied to Stream Ecology? ....... 48 5.3 Distribution ................................................... 51 5.4 Population Growth .............................................. 52 5.5 Population Response to Stress .................................. 55 5.6 Population Response to Stress and Stream Ecology ............... 61 5.7 Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 63 5.8 Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 63 6. STREAM WATER ........................................................... 65 6.1 Where Is Earth's Water Located? ................................ 65 6.2 Water: Earth's Blood ........................................... 67 6.3 Water, or Hydrologic, Cycle .................................... 68 6.4 Stream Water ................................................... 68 6.5 Key Term ....................................................... 70 6.6 Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 70 7. FRESHWATER ECOLOGY ..................................................... 73 7.1 Normal Stream Life ............................................. 73 7.2 Freshwater Ecology ............................................. 73 7.3 Lentic Habitat ................................................. 74 7.4 Lotic Habitat .................................................. 77 7.5 Limiting Factors ............................................... 79 7.6 Lentic Communities ............................................. 86 7.7 Classification of Lakes ........................................ 87 7.8 Major Differences Between Lotic and Lentic Systems ............. 89 7.9 Summary of Key Terms ........................................... 90 7.10 Chapter Review Questions ....................................... 91 8. STREAM ECOLOGY ......................................................... 93 8.1 Introduction ................................................... 93 8.2 Life Cycle of Streams .......................................... 94 8.3 Unique Characteristics of Streams .............................. 94 8.4 Stream Habitats ................................................ 95 8.5 Adaptations to Stream Current .................................. 96 8.6 General Stream Adaptations ..................................... 98 8.7 Benthic Life: An Overview ...................................... 99 8.8 Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 100 8.9 Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 101 9. BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES ............................................ 103 9.1 Benthic Macroinvertebrates .................................... 103 9.2 Benthic Macroinvertebrates: Indicator Organisms ............... 104 9.3 Identification of Benthic Macroinvertebrates .................. 106 9.4 Macroinvertebrates: Units of Organization ..................... 109 9.5 Variation in Diversity of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Species ... 110 9.6 Typical Stream Benthic Macroinvertebrates ..................... 110 9.7 Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 129 9.8 Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 131 10. STREAM POLLUTION .................................................... 133 10.1 What Is Stream Pollution? ..................................... 133 10.2 Stream Pollution Laws ......................................... 134 10.3 Stream Pollutants ............................................. 136 10.4 Selected Indicators of Stream Water Quality ................... 142 10.5 Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 147 10.6 Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 148 11. BIOMONITORING ........................................................ 149 11.1 What Is Biomonitoring? ........................................ 149 11.2 Biotic Index .................................................. 151 11.3 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Biotic Index ........................ 153 11.4 Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 154 11.5 Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 154 12. SELF-PURIFICATION OF STREAMS ......................................... 157 12.1 Balancing the "Aquarium" ...................................... 157 12.2 Sources of Stream Pollution ................................... 159 12.3 Saprobity of a Stream ......................................... 161 12.4 Organisms and Their Role in Self-Purification ................. 168 12.5 Oxygen Sag (Deoxygenation) .................................... 169 12.6 Other Factors Affecting DO Levels in Streams .................. 170 12.7 Impact of Wastewater Treatment on DO Levels in the Stream ..... 171 12.8 Variables That Improve and Degrade Stream Quality ............. 172 12.9 Measuring Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ..................... 180 12.10 Measuring Dissolved Oxygen in a Stream ........................ 180 12.11 Stream Purification: A Quantitative Analysis .................. 181 12.12 Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 186 12.13 Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 187 13. BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING .................................................. 189 13.1 Biological Sampling: The Nuts and Bolts of Stream Ecology ..... 189 13.2 Biological Sampling: Planning ................................. 190 13.3 Sampling Locations (Stations) ................................. 192 13.4 Statistical Concepts .......................................... 195 13.5 Sample Collection ............................................. 198 13.6 Sampling Devices .............................................. 213 13.7 The Bottom Line: Can We Afford Healthy Streams? ............... 219 13.8 Summary of Key Terms .......................................... 221 13.9 Chapter Review Questions ...................................... 221 13.10 Suggested Reading ............................................. 222 14. FINAL COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION ...................................... 225 Appendix A—Answers to Chapter Review Questions ........................... 237 Appendix B—Answers to Final Comprehensive Examination .................... 245 Related Reading .......................................................... 249 Index .................................................................... 257