Acknowledgments .............................................. xiii
Why This Book? Why Now? The author's foreword ................ xvii
Agaricus in the World ........................................... 1
Agaricus in Commerce ............................................ 3
The Genus Agaricus: History and Nomenclature .................... 5
The Literature of Agaricus: The State of Knowledge ............. 11
To Study and Identify Agaricus ................................. 17
What Is the Objective? ...................................... 17
Study and Identification .................................... 21
Macroscopic Features ..................................... 21
Microscopic Features ..................................... 32
Ecological and Geographical Attributes ................... 41
Biochemical Characters ................................... 41
Other Modern Characters .................................. 47
Cultural Characters ...................................... 49
Summary .................................................. 49
Further Notes on Formats and Conventions Used in This Book ..... 50
"To eat wild mushrooms..."
Special Note on Edibility and Responsibility ................... 51
Note on Phylogenetic Analysis .................................. 53
Sequences Representing Sections (Also Subsections and Unnamed
Major Lineages) of Agaricus in the Phylogenetic Trees .......... 55
Typification of Published Taxa ................................. 57
Agaricus abruptibulbus, A.agrinferus, A.amicosus,
A.andrewii, A.campestris, A.crocodilinus, A.cuniculicola,
A.haemorrhoidarius v3.r.fumosus, A.variabilis,
Polyplocium californicum
Keys to Agaricus of North America ............................. 61
I Dichotomous Key for the Placement of Agaricoid and
Secotioid Specimens of Agaricus Subgenus Agaricus in North
America to Sections or Groups ............................... 62
II Quasi-Synoptic Key for the Placement of Specimens of
Agaricus Subgenus Agaricus in North America to Sections
or Groups ................................................... 65
Agaricus [Subgenus Agaricus]
Agaricus Section Bivelares ................................... 69
Agaricus Subsection Hortenses .............................. 70
A.bisporus var. bisporus ................................. 74
A.bisporus var. burnettii ................................ 76
A.sipapuensis sp. nov. ................................... 78
A.agrinferus ............................................. 80
A.subfloccosus ........................................... 82
A.devoniensis subsp. devoniensis ......................... 84
A.devoniensis subsp. bridghamii .......................... 86
A.bitorquis .............................................. 88
A.subsubensis ............................................ 90
A.sp. 'RWK 1789' ......................................... 92
A.subperonatus ........................................... 94
Agaricus Subsection Cupressorum ............................ 96
A.cupressophilus ......................................... 98
A.tlaxcalensis .......................................... 100
Other Entities in Section Bivelares
A.villaticus Brondeau sensu Isaacs ...................... 102
A.'brevistipus' (Isaacs nom. prov.) ..................... 102
A.sterlingii ............................................ 102
A.brunnescens ........................................... 102
Agaricus Section Chitonioides ............................... 105
A.bernardi .............................................. 108
A.pilosporus ............................................ 110
A.vinaceovirens ......................................... 112
A.gennadii .............................................. 114
A.bernardiformis ........................................ 116
A.pequinii .............................................. 118
A.sp. 'the Palmer collection' ........................... 120
A.sp. 'GQ-3' ............................................ 122
Agaricus Section Xanthodermatei ............................. 123
Agaricus Subsection Xanthodermatei ........................ 127
A.xanthodermus .......................................... 132
A.malangelus sp. nov. ................................... 134
A.californicus .......................................... 136
A.arizonicus sp. nov. ................................... 138
A.placomyces ............................................ 140
A.approximans ........................................... 144
A.cf. approximans ....................................... 146
A.hybrid 'RWK 2023' ..................................... 150
A.berryessae sp. nov. ................................... 152
A.deardorffensis sp. nov. ............................... 154
A.leptocaulis sp. nov. .................................. 156
A.iodosmus .............................................. 158
A.endoxanthus ........................................... 160
A.pocillator ............................................ 162
A.tollocanensis ......................................... 164
A.sp. 'RWK 1007' ........................................ 166
[Group linked to A.pseudopratensis]
A.buckmacadooi sp. nov. ................................. 168
A.kriegeri sp. nov. ..................................... 170
Agaricus Subsection Hondenses subsect. nov. ............... 172
A.hondensis ............................................. 174
A.subrufescentoides ..................................... 176
Other Entities in Section Xanthodermatei
A.glaber ................................................ 178
A.cervinifolius ......................................... 178
A."praeclaresquamosus": Concepts from Western North
America ............................................... 180
A.sp. 'RWK 741' ......................................... 181
A.sp. 'RWK 2125' ........................................ 181
A.'crassistipus' (Isaacs nom. prov.) .................... 182
Excluded Taxa ............................................. 183
A.placomyces var. microsporus ........................... 183
A.placomyces vzr. flavescens ............................ 183
Agaricus Section Sanguinolenti .............................. 185
Agaricus Subsection Sylvatici ............................. 188
A.rubronanus ............................................ 192
A.sp. 'RWK 2013' ........................................ 194
A.sp. 'RWK 1335' ........................................ 196
A.bivelatoides; A.collection RWK 1171 ................... 198
A.benesii sensu lato .................................... 200
A.cf. benesii ........................................... 202
A.sylvaticus subsp. occidentalis subsp. nov. ............ 204
A.sylvaticus subsp. cf. occidentalis: California
Variant ............................................... 206
A.cordillerensis sp. nov. ............................... 208
A.hupohanae sp. nov. .................................... 210
A.thujae sp. nov. ....................................... 212
[Possibly affiliated species]
A.arorae ................................................ 214
A.sp. 'RWK 1208' ........................................ 216
Other Entities in Subsection Sylvatici
A.albosanguineus ........................................ 218
A.haemorrhoidarius sensu Peck ........................... 219
A.haemorrhoidarius var. fumosus ......................... 219
A.collection Pg 317 #20 ................................. 221
A.haemorrhoidarius sensu Murrill ........................ 223
A.haemorrhoidarius sensu Smith .......................... 223
A.sylvaticus sensu Hesler ............................... 223
A.sylvaticus sensu Atkinson ............................. 224
A.sp.: West Virginia collections ........................ 224
Agaricus Subsection Bohusia ............................... 226
A.brunneofibrillosus sp. nov. ........................... 228
A.amicosus .............................................. 230
Agaricus Section Nigrobrunnescentes ......................... 233
Agaricus Subsection Nigrobrunnescentes stat. nov. ......... 234
A.eludens (provisional placement) ....................... 236
Agaricus Subsection Pattersonia subsect. nov. ............. 238
A.pattersoniae .......................................... 242
A.fuscovelatus .......................................... 244
A.sp. 'RWK 1583' ........................................ 246
A.lilaceps .............................................. 248
A.laparrae sp. nov. ..................................... 250
A.sp. 'A.G.' ............................................ 252
Other 'sanguinolent' Lineages: The 'tennesseensis' and
'TRc' Lineages .......................................... 253
A.tennesseensis sp. nov. ................................ 256
A.sp. 'ASM 13217' ....................................... 258
A.sp. 'NY 49276' ........................................ 260
Agaricus Section Agaricus ................................... 263
[Main lineage]
A.cf. campestсs ......................................... 270
A.gastronevadensis sp. nov. ............................. 272
A.andrewii .............................................. 274
A.argenteus subsp. argenteus ............................ 278
A.argenteus subsp. annetteae subsp. nov. ................ 280
A.pampeanus (A.solidipes Peck 1904,
nom. illeg.) .......................................... 282
A.aristocratus .......................................... 284
A.incultorum sp. nov. ................................... 286
A.sp. 'RWK 807' ......................................... 288
A.porphyrocephalus var. porphyrocephalus ................ 290
A.porphyrocephalus var. pallidus var. nov. .............. 292
A.moellerianus .......................................... 294
A.cf. altipes ........................................... 296
A.griseicephalus sp. nov. ............................... 298
A.cf. cappellii ......................................... 300
A.cf. chionodermus ...................................... 302
A.sequoiae .............................................. 304
[Basal lineage(s)]
A.rubribrunnescens ...................................... 306
A.erindalensis sp. nov. ................................. 308
A.depauperatus .......................................... 310
A.argyropotamicus ....................................... 312
Other Entities in Section Agaricus
A.projectellus .......................................... 314
A.praerimosus ........................................... 314
A.spp. 'RWK 1923' and 'PBM 2580' ........................ 318
A.'pinyonensis' (Isaacs nom. prov.) ..................... 319
Agaricus Section Spissicaules ............................... 321
A.cf. litoralis ......................................... 326
A.bellanniae sp. nov. ................................... 328
Other Entities Possibly in Section Spissicaules
A.sp. 'Isaacs 1298' (as A.annae) ........................ 330
A.placomyces var. microsporus ........................... 331
Agaricus Section Subrutilescentes sect. nov. ................ 333
A.subrutilescens ........................................ 336
A.vinosobrunneofumidus sp. nov. ......................... 338
A.thiersii sp. nov. ..................................... 340
Other Entities in Section Subrutilescentes
A.collection RWK 1320 ................................... 342
Agaricus Section Rarolentes sect. nov. ...................... 343
A.butyreburneus sp. nov. ................................ 346
Agaricus Section Minores .................................... 349
A.comtulus .............................................. 354
A.micromegethus ......................................... 356
A.kerriganii (A.semotus sensu auct.) .................... 358
A.diminutivus ........................................... 360
A.comptuloides .......................................... 362
A.auricolor Krieger (nom. illeg.) ....................... 364
A.sp. 'RWK 2014' ........................................ 366
A.stevensii sp. nov. .................................... 368
Other Entities in Section Minores
A.collection RWK 916 .................................... 370
A.collection RWK 652 .................................... 370
A.citrinidiscus ......................................... 371
A.collection RWK 1322 ................................... 372
A.comtuliformis ......................................... 372
A.cylindriceps var. aureus .............................. 373
A.sulphureiceps ......................................... 373
A.collection WRWV05-440 ................................. 374
A.collection RWK 2022 ................................... 374
A.sp. 'RWK 2282' ........................................ 375
A.sp. 'CA636' ........................................... 375
A.sp. 'RWK 2118' ........................................ 375
A.placomyces var. flavescens ............................ 376
A.friesianus ............................................ 377
Taxon of Uncertain Placement
A.placomyces var. microsporus ........................... 378
Agaricus Section Arvenses ................................... 379
[The pigmented sylvan group]
A.augustus .............................................. 390
A.nanaugustus sp. nov. .................................. 392
A.julius sp. nov. ....................................... 394
A.perobscurus ........................................... 396
A.subrufescens .......................................... 398
A.flavitingens .......................................... 400
A.smithii ............................................... 402
A.cuniculicola .......................................... 404
A.rhoadsii .............................................. 406
[The pale, primarily pastoral (sometimes sylvan) group]
A.crocodilinus .......................................... 408
A.arvensis .............................................. 412
A.fissuratus ............................................ 416
[The pale sylvan group]
A.sylvicola ............................................. 420
A.cretacellus ........................................... 422
A.cruciquercorum sp. nov. ............................... 426
A.abruptibulbus ......................................... 428
A.reducibulbus sp. nov. ................................. 434
A.moronii sp. nov. ...................................... 436
A.sandianus sp. nov. .................................... 438
A.sp. 'RWK 2283' ........................................ 440
A.summensis ............................................. 442
A.albolutescens ......................................... 446
A.didymus sp. nov. ...................................... 448
A.gemellatus sp. nov. ................................... 452
A.inapertus ............................................. 454
A.mesocarpus sp. nov. ................................... 456
A.diospyros sp. nov. .................................... 458
A.hybrid 'RWK 2021' ..................................... 460
Other Entities in Section Arvenses
A.fabaceus .............................................. 462
A.magniceps ............................................. 463
A.variabilis ............................................ 463
A.amygdalinus ........................................... 465
A.arvensis var. palustris ............................... 467
A.sp. 'RWK 2049' ........................................ 469
A.cf. tenuivolvatus ..................................... 469
A.sp. 'RWK 1978' ........................................ 470
A.cf. macrocarpus ....................................... 471
A.sp. 'RWK 2214' ........................................ 472
Other Lineages Not Yet Named, Possibly Not Originating
Within the Accepted Monophyletic Sections
The 'floridanus' Lineage .................................. 477
A.floridanus ............................................ 478
A.sp. 'RMC 1256' ........................................ 480
The 'longuloid' and 'gyrophragmioid' Lineages ............. 482
A.desertkola ............................................ 484
A.sp. 'RWK 1048' ........................................ 486
A.evertens sp. nov. ..................................... 488
A.zelleri nom. nov. ..................................... 490
Araneosa columellata ...................................... 492
The 'martineziensis' Lineage .............................. 493
A.martineziensis ........................................ 494
Other Species in the Literature
The Agaricus (sensu strictu) Contributions of С.H. Peck ... 497
The Agaricus Contributions of W.A. Murrill ................ 498
The Agaricus Contributions of A.H. Smith .................. 508
The Agaricus Contributions of B.F. Isaacs ................. 511
The Agaricus Contributions of A.E. Freeman ................ 513
Literature Cited .............................................. 517
Types Critically Examined ..................................... 524
Vouchers Studied and/or Sequenced, and Accepted ............... 525
Nomenclatural Citations: Species and Infraspecific Taxa
Presented in This Work ........................................ 536
Index to Scientific Names Now (or Formerly) Assigned to
Agaricaceae, With Prior Homonyms .............................. 568
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