Acknowledgments ................................................ ix
1 Plant Behavior and Communication ............................. i
1.1 Plants and animals are different but also similar ....... i
1.2 Working definitions ..................................... 3
1.3 Plant sensing and communication—organization of this
book .................................................... 7
2 Plant Sensory Capabilities ................................... 9
2.1 Plants sense their environments ......................... 9
2.2 Plants sense light ..................................... 10
2.3 Chemical sensing ....................................... 17
2.4 Mechanical sensing - touch ............................. 23
2.5 Plant sensing of temperature, electricity, and sound ... 26
3 Plant Learning and Memory ................................... 31
3.1 Do plants learn? ....................................... 31
3.2 Learning, memory, and light ............................ 33
3.3 Learning, memory, and perception of chemicals,
resources, pathogens, and herbivores ................... 33
3.4 Learning, memory, and touch ............................ 39
3.5 Learning, memory, and cold ............................. 40
3.5 Transgenerational memory ............................... 41
4 Cues and Signals in Plant Communication ..................... 45
4.1 The nature of cues and signals ......................... 45
4.2 Plant competition - light and hormonal cues ............ 47
4.3 Cues used in plant defense ............................. 50
4.4 Cues and signals emitted by plants that animals sense .. 59
5 Plant Responses to Cues about Resources ..................... 67
5.1 General characteristics of plant responses ............. 67
5.2 Plants forage for resources ............................ 69
5.3 Integrating resource needs ............................. 78
6 Plant Responses to Herbivory ................................ 83
6.1 Induced responses as plant defenses .................... 83
6.2 Volatile signals and communication between ramets and
individuals ............................................ 91
6.3 Indirect defenses against herbivores ................... 98
6.4 Visual communication between plants and herbivores .... 105
7 Plant Communication and Reproduction ....................... 109
7.1 Pollination and communication ......................... 110
7.2 Seed dispersal and communication ...................... 122
8 Microbes and Plant Communication ........................... 129
8.1 Microbes are critical for plant success ............... 129
8.2 Plants recognize pathogens ............................ 130
8.3 Infested plants attract the microbial enemies of
their attackers ....................................... 132
8.4 Plants communicate with mycorrhizal fungi ............. 133
8.5 Plants communicate with N-fixing bacteria ............. 135
9 Plant Sensing and Communication as Adaptations ............. 139
9.1 Plant senses and emission of cues - adaptive traits? .. 139
9.2 Case studies of adaptations ........................... 154
10 Plant Sensing and Communication in Agriculture and
Medicine ................................................... 163
10.1 Manipulating the sensing and communication process .... 163
10.2 Manipulating resource acquisition and allocation ...... 164
10.3 Manipulating tolerance to abiotic stress .............. 165
10.4 Manipulating resistance to pathogens .................. 166
10.5 Manipulating resistance to herbivores ................. 169
10.6 Manipulating reproductive timing and effort ........... 173
10.7 As a source of medicines .............................. 176
10.8 Plant sensing in the future of mankind ................ 177
References .................................................... 181
Index ......................................................... 231
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