1 The GEMAS Project - Concept and Background .................. 23
(Clemens Reimann, Alecos Demetriades, Manfred Birke & Ilse
Schoeters)
2 REACH and GEMAS ............................................. 27
(Violaine Verougstraete & Ilse Schoeters)
2.1 Regulatory background .................................. 27
2.2 REACH in practice ...................................... 27
2.3 REACH implementation and the GEMAS project ............. 28
2.4 Use of GEMAS data beyond REACH ......................... 29
3 Sample Material, Site Selection and Sampling ................ 31
(Clemens Reimann)
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 31
3.2 Sample site selection .................................. 33
3.3 Soil sampling .......................................... 34
4 Preparation of GEMAS Project Samples and Standards .......... 37
(Daniela Mackových & Pavol Lučivjanský)
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 37
4.2 Preparation of GEMAS soil samples ...................... 37
4.3 Preparation and testing of project standards ........... 37
5 Analytical Methods Used in the GEMAS Project ................ 41
(Manfred Birke, Clemens Reimann & Karl Fabian)
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 41
5.2 Analytical methods ..................................... 41
5.2.1 pH_CaCl2 ........................................ 41
5.2.2 Effective Cation Exchange Capacity - eCEC ....... 41
5.2.3 Total С and S ................................... 42
5.2.4 Total Organic Carbon-TOC ........................ 42
5.2.5 Total element concentrations: XRF and LOI ....... 42
5.2.6 Particle Size Distribution - PSD: A special
story ........................................... 43
5.2.7 Aqua regia extraction ........................... 44
5.2.8 Lead isotope ratios ............................. 45
5.2.9 MMI® extraction ................................. 45
5.2.10 Magnetic Susceptibility (MS) .................... 45
6 Evaluation of GEMAS Project Quality Control Results ......... 47
(Alecos Demetriades, Clemens Reimann & Peter Filzmoser)
6.1 Introduction ........................................... 47
6.2 Definition: What is actually 'good quality' for
a geochemical mapping project? ......................... 48
6.3 Quality control procedures selected for the GEMAS
project and selected results demonstrating the
necessity of these procedures .......................... 49
6.3.1 Randomised samples .............................. 51
6.3.2 Accuracy, Trueness, Repeatability - the
project standards ............................... 53
6.3.3 Precision - the project replicates .............. 54
6.3.4 Practical detection limit and precision
equation ........................................ 54
6.3.5 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) .................... 56
6.3.6 Trueness ........................................ 57
6.4 Discussion and conclusion .............................. 59
7 Trueness of GEMAS Analytical Results - the Ring Test ........ 61
(Clemens Reimann & Cornelia Kriete)
7.1 Introduction ........................................... 61
7.2 Methodology ............................................ 61
7.3 Results ................................................ 62
7.4 Conclusions ............................................ 65
8 Univariate Data Analysis and Mapping ........................ 67
(Peter Filzmoser, Clemens Reimann & Manfred Birke)
8.1 Introduction ........................................... 67
8.2 Data tables ............................................ 68
8.3 Data distribution ...................................... 69
8.3.1 CP-plots ........................................ 69
8.3.2 Boxplots ........................................ 72
8.3.3 Combination of histogram, density trace,
one-dimensional scattergram and boxplot ......... 73
8.4 Comparison between data subsets ........................ 74
8.5 Scatterplots ........................................... 76
8.6 Maps ................................................... 78
8.6.1 Black and white symbol maps ..................... 78
8.6.2 Colour maps ..................................... 79
8.6.3 clr(Element) maps ............................... 79
8.7 Conclusions ............................................ 80
9 Multivariate Data Analysis .................................. 83
(Peter Filzmoser & Clemens Reimann)
9.1 Introduction ........................................... 83
9.2 Cluster analysis ....................................... 84
9.2.1 Variable (R-mode) clustering: Aqua regia data ... 85
9.2.2 Sample (Q-mode) clustering: Aqua regia data ..... 85
9.3 Principal component analysis ........................... 87
9.3.1 PCA based on total (XRF) element
concentrations .................................. 87
9.3.2 PCA based on aqua regia extraction results ...... 89
9.4 Conclusions ............................................ 91
10 Supporting Information for Interpretation of Geochemical
Maps ........................................................ 93
(Manfred Birke, Uwe Rauch & Clemens Reimann)
10.1 Introduction ........................................... 93
10.2 Maps supporting the interpretation of geochemical
maps ................................................... 93
11 Distribution of Elements/Parameters in Agricultural and
Grazing Land Soil of Europe ................................ 103
(Clemens Reimann, Alecos Demetriades, Manfred Birke,
Peter Filzmoser, Patrick O'Connor, Josip Halamić, Anna
Ladenberger & the GEMAS Project Team)
11.1 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) ........................ 111
11.2 Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) .................... 115
11.1 Gay ................................................... 119
11.4 Loss on Ignition (LOI) ................................ 125
11.5 Soil Acidity (pH) ..................................... 129
11.6 Magnetic Susceptibility (MS) .......................... 133
11.7 Silver (Ag) ........................................... 137
11.8 Aluminium (Al) ........................................ 143
11.9 Arsenic (As) .......................................... 149
11.10 Gold (Au) ............................................ 157
11.11 Boron (B) ............................................ 163
11.12 Barium (Ba) .......................................... 169
11.13 Beryllium (Be) ....................................... 175
11.14 Bismuth (Bi) ......................................... 181
11.15 Carbon (C) ........................................... 187
11.16 Calcium (Ca) ......................................... 195
11.17 Cadmium (Cd) ......................................... 201
11.18 Cerium (Ce) .......................................... 207
11.19 Chlorine (Cl) ........................................ 213
11.20 Cobalt (Co) .......................................... 215
11.21 Chromium (Cr) ........................................ 221
11.22 Caesium (Cs) ......................................... 227
11.23 Copper (Cu) .......................................... 233
11.24 Fluorine (F) ......................................... 239
11.25 Iron (Fe) ............................................ 241
11.26 Gallium (Ga) ......................................... 247
11.27 Germanium (Ge) ....................................... 253
11.28 Hafnium (Hf) ......................................... 259
11.29 Mercury (Hg) ......................................... 265
11.30 Indium (In) .......................................... 271
11.31 Potassium (K) ........................................ 277
11.32 Lanthanum (La) ....................................... 283
11.33 Lithium (Li) ......................................... 289
11.34 Magnesium (Mg) ....................................... 295
11.35 Manganese (Mn) ....................................... 301
11.36 Molybdenum (Mo) ...................................... 307
11.37 Sodium (Na) .......................................... 313
11.38 Niobium (Nb) ......................................... 319
11.39 Nickel (Ni) .......................................... 325
11.40 Phosphorus (Р) ....................................... 331
11.41 Lead (Pb) ............................................ 337
11.42 Lead Isotopes (206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) ................... 343
11.43 Palladium (Pd) ....................................... 351
11.44 Platinum (Pt) ........................................ 357
11.45 Rubidium (Rb) ........................................ 363
11.46 Rhenium (Re) ......................................... 369
11.47 Sulphur (S) .......................................... 371
11.48 Antimony (Sb) ........................................ 377
11.49 Scandium (Sc) ........................................ 383
11.50 Selenium (Se) ........................................ 389
11.51 Silicon (Si) ......................................... 395
11.52 Tin(Sn) .............................................. 401
11.53 Strontium (Sr) ....................................... 407
11.1 Tantalum (Та) ......................................... 413
11.55 Tellurium (Те) ....................................... 415
11.56 Thorium (Th) ......................................... 421
11.57 Titanium (Ti) ........................................ 427
11.58 Thallium (Tl) ........................................ 433
11.59 Uranium (U) .......................................... 439
11.60 Vanadium (V) ......................................... 445
11.61 Tungsten (W) ......................................... 451
11.62 Yttrium (Y) .......................................... 457
11.63 Zinc (Zn) ............................................ 463
11.64 Zirconium (Zr) ....................................... 469
12 Discussion ................................................. 475
(Clemens Reimann, Alecos Demetriades, Manfred Birke &
Ilse Schoeters)
12.1 Influence of geology on element concentrations ........ 478
12.2 Mineralisation ........................................ 482
12.3 Further geochemical signals related to natural
processes ............................................. 483
12.4 Anthropogenic impact .................................. 485
12.5 Comparison between the two sample materials ........... 487
12.6 Differences between the countries: Element variation .. 490
12.7 Availability of the elements in the different
extractions ........................................... 492
12.8 Element deficiency and toxicity ....................... 492
12.9 Comparison with upper continental crust values and
results from other continental-scale soil surveys ..... 497
13 Conclusions ................................................ 499
(the GEMAS Project Team)
References ................................................. 505
Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................. 521
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