Prost G.L. Remote sensing for geoscientists: image analysis and integration. - 3rd ed. - Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2014. - xxvii, 674 p.: ill. - Bibliogr. at the end of the chapters. - Ind.: p.623-674. - ISBN 978-1-4665-6174-8  Место хранения:   02 | Отделение ГПНТБ СО РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Preface ....................................................... xxi Acknowledgments ............................................... xxv Author ...................................................... xxvii Section I Initiating Projects 1 Project Flow and Obtaining Data .............................. 3 Chapter Overview ............................................. 3 Choosing the Right Imagery for the Job ....................... 3 Acquiring Imagery ............................................ 8 References ................................................... 8 Additional Reading ........................................... 9 2 Photointerpretation Tools and Techniques .................... 11 Chapter Overview ............................................ 11 Tools ....................................................... 11 Light Tables ............................................. 11 Magnifying Glasses ....................................... 11 Stereoscopes ............................................. 12 Transferscopes ........................................... 12 Scales and Planimeters ................................... 14 Parallax Bars ............................................ 14 Overlays ................................................. 14 Base Maps ................................................ 15 Filters .................................................. 15 Image Characteristics ....................................... 15 Photo Finish ............................................. 15 Paper versus Film ........................................ 15 Hard Copy versus Digital ................................. 16 Mechanics of Image Analysis ................................. 16 Image Interpretation ..................................... 16 Influence of Scale ....................................... 18 Influence of Color ....................................... 19 Technique ................................................... 19 Effect of Viewing Direction or Perspective ............... 20 Foreshortening ........................................... 20 Filtering ................................................ 20 Viewing with "Fresh Eyes" ................................ 20 Multiple Images of the Same Area ......................... 20 Image Processing ............................................ 21 Contrast Enhancement (and Suppression) ................... 21 Filtering ................................................ 21 Ratioing ................................................. 24 Transforms and Spectral Band Merging ..................... 25 Color Manipulation ....................................... 28 Density Slicing .......................................... 28 Vegetation Indices ....................................... 28 Classification ........................................... 29 Geographic Information Systems ........................... 30 References .................................................. 31 Additional Reading .......................................... 32 3 Remote Sensing Systems ...................................... 33 Chapter Overview ............................................ 33 Instrument Systems .......................................... 33 Cameras and Photography .................................. 33 Black-and-White Photography ........................... 35 Color Photography ..................................... 36 Satellite Photography ................................. 39 Thermal Scanners and Imagery ............................. 39 Radar .................................................... 41 Radar Profiling/Microwave Sounders .................... 44 Radar Altimeters ...................................... 45 Radar Interferometry .................................. 45 Passive Microwave Radiometry ............................. 46 Spectrometers, Spectrophotometers, and Interferometers ... 47 Multispectral and Hyperspectral Scanners .............. 48 Imaging Absorption Spectrometers ...................... 51 Occultation Spectrometers ............................. 51 Michelson Interferometers ............................. 51 Lasers, Lidar, and Lidar Altimeters ...................... 51 Backscatter Lidar ..................................... 55 Differential Absorption Lidar ......................... 55 Fluorescence Lidar .................................... 55 Doppler Lidar ......................................... 55 Broadband Lidar ....................................... 56 Potential Fields Systems (Gravity and Magnetics Instruments) ............................................. 56 Gravimeters ........................................... 57 Magnetometers ......................................... 59 Gamma Ray and X-Ray Spectrometry ......................... 61 Airborne Electromagnetic Surveys ......................... 64 Airborne Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic Survey ....... 64 Airborne Resistivity ..................................... 65 Airborne Induced Polarization ............................ 65 Ground-Penetrating Radar ................................. 66 Other EM Systems ......................................... 67 Side-Scan Sonar .......................................... 68 Instrument Platforms ........................................ 70 Airborne Scanner Systems ................................. 71 Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner ................ 71 Airborne Imagining Spectrometer ....................... 71 Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer ........ 71 Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager ................... 72 Thematic Mapper Simulator ................................ 72 NS-001 ................................................... 72 AIRSAR ................................................... 73 Multispectral Infrared and Visible Imaging Spectrometer .. 73 Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment ...... 73 Short Wavelength Infrared Full Spectrum Imager ........... 73 Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer 7915 ............... 73 Portable Hyperspectral Imager for Low-Light Spectroscopy ............................................. 74 MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator ........................... 75 IceBridge ................................................ 77 DISCOVER-AQ .............................................. 77 Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface ............................................... 79 CARVE .................................................... 79 Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel ...................... 79 Satellites and Their Primary Earth Observation Systems ...... 79 United States of America (NASA, NOAA) ....................... 80 Orbiting Geophysical Observatory ......................... 80 Skylab ................................................... 80 Landsat .................................................. 80 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ........ 83 Laser Geodynamics Satellite 1 and 2 ...................... 83 The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and MetOp-A ............................... 83 Heat Capacity Mapping Mission ............................ 84 SeaSat ................................................... 84 Magnetic Field Satellite ................................. 86 Space Shuttle ............................................ 86 Geodetic Satellite ....................................... 87 TOPEX/Poseidon ........................................... 87 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ...................... 88 Geosat Follow-On ......................................... 88 TERRA (EOS AM) ........................................... 88 Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III .......... 91 Quick Scatterometer ...................................... 92 New Millenium Program Earth Observing-1 Satellite ........ 92 Scientific Application Satellite-C ....................... 92 Jason-1 .................................................. 94 Jason-2 .................................................. 95 AQUA (EOS PM1) ........................................... 95 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment .................. 96 Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite ................. 97 Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment ................... 97 Aura ..................................................... 98 CBERS Series ............................................. 98 Polar Operational Environmental Satellite N Series ....... 98 CloudSat ................................................ 100 CALIPSO ................................................. 102 Aquarius/SAC-D .......................................... 102 Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership ............... 103 Canada .................................................. 103 RADARSAT-1 ........................................... 103 RADARSAT-2 ........................................... 104 SCISAT-1 ............................................. 104 Chile ................................................... 105 FASat-Bravo .......................................... 105 SSOT ................................................. 106 China ................................................... 106 Yaogan 1 Series ...................................... 106 HaiYang-2A ........................................... 107 Ziyuan Series ........................................ 107 Denmark ................................................. 108 Ørsted ............................................... 108 DigitalGlobe ............................................ 109 Early Bird ........................................... 109 QuickBird ............................................ 109 WorldView-1 .......................................... 109 WorldView-2 .......................................... 109 European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites ............................ 109 Meteosat Second Generation ........................... 110 European Space Agency ................................... 110 ERS-1 and -2 ......................................... 111 Cluster II Series .................................... 112 Project for On-Board Autonomy ........................ 112 ODIN ................................................. 112 Environmental Satellite .............................. 112 FORMOSAT-2 ........................................... 114 COSMO-SkyMed ......................................... 115 Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity ......................... 115 Gravity Field and Ocean Circulation Explorer ......... 116 CryoSat-2 ............................................ 116 Laser Relativity Satellite ........................... 116 France .................................................. 117 STARLETTE and STELLA ................................. 117 SPOT Series .......................................... 118 SPOT-6 ............................................... 118 Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions .............................. 119 Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Science Coupled with Observations from Lidar ................................................ 119 Pleiades Series ...................................... 120 Pleiades IB .......................................... 121 Germany ................................................. 121 Challenging Minisatellite Payload .................... 121 TerraSAR-X ........................................... 121 TanDEM-X ............................................. 121 GEOEYE, INC ............................................. 122 IKONOS-1 and IKONOS-2 ................................ 122 ORBVIEW-1 ............................................ 122 ORBVIEW-2 ............................................ 122 ORBVIEW-3 ............................................ 123 GeoEye-1 ............................................. 123 India ................................................... 124 IRS Series ........................................... 124 IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1) .................................. 125 Technology Experiment Satellite ...................... 126 IRS-P6 ............................................... 126 IRS-P5 ............................................... 127 IRS-P7 ............................................... 127 Indian Micro Satellite-1 ............................. 127 Oceansat-2 ........................................... 127 RISAT 2 .............................................. 127 CARTOSAT2B ........................................... 128 ResourceSat-2 ........................................ 128 RISAT-1 .............................................. 128 Indonesia ............................................... 128 Lapan-TUBsat ......................................... 128 ImageSat International .................................. 128 Earth Resources Observation Satellite ................ 128 Earth Resources Observation Satellite В .............. 129 Japan ................................................... 129 Geostationary Meteorological Satellite Series ........ 129 Marine Observation Satellite-1 and -1b ............... 130 Advanced Earth Observing Satellite Series ............ 130 JERS-1 ............................................... 132 Multifunctional Transport Satellites Series .......... 132 Advanced Land Observing Satellite .................... 133 Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite ................. 135 Korea ................................................... 135 Korea Multipurpose Satellite-1 ....................... 136 Korea Multipurpose Satellite-2 ....................... 136 Korea Multipurpose Satellite-3 ....................... 136 Soviet Union/Russian Federation ......................... 136 KOSMOS Series ........................................ 138 ETALON Series ........................................ 138 ALMAZ-1 .............................................. 138 Monitor-E ............................................ 138 Resurs-DKl ........................................... 138 Meteor-M-1 ........................................... 140 Electro-L ............................................ 140 Singapore ............................................... 140 X-Sat ................................................ 141 Surrey Satellite Technology Limited ..................... 141 Disaster Monitoring Constellation .................... 141 Alsat-1 and Alsat-2 .................................. 142 Bilsat-1 ............................................. 142 NigeriaSat-1 and NigeriaSat-2 ........................ 142 NigeriaSat-X ......................................... 143 U.K. DMCSat-1 ........................................ 143 Beijing-1 ............................................ 143 Deimos-1 ............................................. 143 THEOS ................................................ 143 Future Satellite Systems ................................ 143 Swarm Series ......................................... 144 LDCM (Landsat-8) ..................................... 144 ATTREX ............................................... 145 GeoEye-2 ............................................. 145 CBERS Series ......................................... 145 Sentinel Series ...................................... 145 Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM-Aeolus) ............ 146 SPOT-7 ............................................... 146 Global Precipitation Measurement ..................... 146 Worldview-3 .......................................... 147 National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System ..................................... 147 SAOCOM Series ........................................ 147 OceanSat-3 ........................................... 147 International Space Station (ISS) .................... 148 Jason-3 .............................................. 148 Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 ........................ 148 EarthCARE ............................................ 149 GOES NEXT Series ..................................... 149 HyspIRI .............................................. 149 ResourceSat-3 ........................................ 149 CartoSat-3 ........................................... 150 Soil Moisture Active-Passive ......................... 150 Geosat Follow-On-2 ................................... 150 Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 ........... 150 Joint Polar Satellite System ......................... 151 RADARSAT-3, -4, and -5 ............................... 151 ASCENDS .............................................. 151 Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice .................................................. 152 References ................................................. 152 Additional Reading ......................................... 163 Section II Remote Sensing in Geologic Mapping and Resource Exploration Introduction ............................................... 165 Geologic Mapping ........................................ 166 Frontier Area Analysis .................................. 166 Lease Evaluation ........................................ 167 Established Concessions ................................. 168 The Field Check ......................................... 168 4 Recognizing Rock Types ..................................... 171 Chapter Overview ........................................... 171 Igneous Rocks .............................................. 171 Intrusive Igneous Rocks ................................. 171 Extrusive Igneous Rocks ................................. 173 Metamorphic Rocks .......................................... 175 Sedimentary Rocks .......................................... 176 Sandstones .............................................. 176 Shales .................................................. 176 Carbonates .............................................. 177 Evaporites .............................................. 178 References ................................................. 180 5 Recognizing Structure ...................................... 181 Chapter Overview ........................................... 181 Undeformed Terrain ......................................... 181 Recognizing Dip ............................................ 183 Anticlines, Domes, and Uplifts ............................. 188 Surface Folds ........................................... 190 Buried Folds ............................................ 191 Topographic Expression of Folding ....................... 192 Color Anomalies Indicating Folds ........................ 192 Vegetation Anomalies Suggesting Folds ................... 193 Fracture Patterns Indicating Folds ...................... 194 Buried Folds in Glacial Terrain ......................... 200 Folds beneath Drifting Sand ............................. 200 Folds Revealed by Drainage Patterns ..................... 201 Channel Width/Depth Adjustment and Incision .......... 202 Compressed Meanders .................................. 202 Drainage Texture ..................................... 203 Radial and Concentric (Annular) Drainage ............. 203 Braided Stream Segments .............................. 204 Double Drainage Deflection ........................... 204 Change in Strike of Bedding .......................... 204 Parallel Drainage Deflection ......................... 205 Levee Preservation ................................... 205 Topographic Profiles .................................... 206 Trend Surface Analyses .................................. 206 Surface Features Offset from Subsurface Structure ....... 207 Circular Features .......................................... 207 Fractures and Lineaments ................................... 208 Propagation Mechanisms .................................. 208 Joints .................................................. 211 Faults .................................................. 216 Normal, Reverse, and Listric Faults .................. 219 Strike-Slip Faults ................................... 228 Thrust Faults ........................................ 231 Case History: Structure and Geomechanics of Active Fault Zones ...................................... 239 Fault Zone Mapping ................................... 241 Fault Zone Complexity ................................ 241 Lateral Displacement of Geomorphic Markers ........... 242 Geomechanical Modeling ............................... 245 Earthquakes and Tectonics .................................. 247 Case History: Measuring Earthquake Deformation Using Differential Lidar ...................................... 248 El Mayor-Cucapah Earthquake Deformation .............. 248 Remote Sensing and Earthquake Forecasting ............ 251 Timing of Structural Development ........................... 252 References ................................................. 253 Additional Reading ......................................... 261 6 Stratigraphic and Compositional Mapping .................... 263 Chapter Overview ........................................... 263 Rock Spectra ............................................... 263 Mineral Spectra ............................................ 264 Hyperspectral Imagery ...................................... 268 Mineral Mixing and Unmixing ............................. 269 Atmospheric Corrections ................................. 272 Ground-Penetrating Radar ................................... 272 Lithologic Mapping ......................................... 274 Using Radar to Map Stratigraphy ......................... 279 Hyperspectral Outcrop and Core Analysis ................. 279 Source Rock Mapping ........................................ 283 Seeps Mapping .............................................. 283 Stratigraphic Traps ........................................ 285 Stratiform Deposits ........................................ 287 Coal, Phosphate, Potash, and Uranium-Vanadium Deposits .. 287 Base Metal Sedimentary Deposits and Chemical Precipitates ............................................ 287 Disseminated Sedimentary Ores and Replacement Mantos .... 289 Fluvial and Marine Placer Deposits ...................... 290 Laterites ............................................... 292 References ................................................. 292 Additional Reading ......................................... 296 7 Remote Geochemistry ........................................ 297 Chapter Overview ........................................... 297 Altered Rock and Soil Related to Hydrocarbon Seepage ....... 297 Altered Rock and Soil Related to Mineral Deposits .......... 304 Remote Sensing of Gases, Radiation, and Aerosols ........... 309 Case History: Sniffing the Air .......................... 309 Detection of Gases, Radiation, and Aerosols Associated with Mineral Deposits ................................... 311 References ................................................. 312 8 Modern Analogs ............................................. 317 Chapter Overview ........................................... 317 Depositional Environments .................................. 317 Storm Deposits .......................................... 322 Erosional Environments ..................................... 323 Structural Analogs ......................................... 324 Analogs for Hazards Planning ............................... 326 Planetary Analogs .......................................... 327 References ................................................. 328 9 Remote Sensing in Petroleum Exploration .................... 331 Chapter Overview ........................................... 331 Frontier Petroleum Exploration ............................. 331 Case History: Offshore Barbados Petroleum Exploration ... 331 Case History: Unraveling the Trap at Trap Springs, Nevada .................................................. 333 Mature Basin Petroleum Exploration ......................... 336 Case History: An Integrated Approach Brings New Life to an Old Basin ................................ 336 Case History: Stratigraphic Traps in the Paradox Basin, Utah ............................................. 340 Resource Plays ............................................. 343 Case History: Niobrara Fractured Carbonate-Shale Reservoir, Denver Basin, Colorado-Wyoming ............... 343 Case History: The Marcellus Fractured Shale Play ........ 347 References ................................................. 349 Additional Reading ......................................... 351 10 Remote Sensing in Mineral Exploration ...................... 353 Chapter Overview ........................................... 353 Exploration Applications of Alteration Mapping ............. 353 Case History: Mapping the Grizzly Peak Caldera, Colorado ................................................ 353 Case History: The Missing Link—Alteration Associated with Gold Mineralization at Goldfield, Nevada ........... 357 Exploration Applications of Structure Mapping .............. 361 Case History: Structure Mapping as a Guide to Porphyry Copper Deposits, Northeast China ........................ 361 Exploration Applications of Hyperspectral Mapping .......... 362 Case History: Exploration for Diamond-Bearing Kimberlites and Diatremes, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming .. 362 Case History: Mineral Exploration in Northern Chile ..... 365 References ................................................. 370 Additional Reading ......................................... 371 Section III Exploitation, Hydrologie, and Engineering Remote Sensing Introduction ............................................... 373 Exploitation Applications .................................. 373 Hydrologie Applications .................................... 374 Engineering and Logistical Applications .................... 375 11 Remote Sensing in Resource Exploitation Projects ........... 377 Chapter Overview ........................................... 377 Choosing Infill and Stepout Well Locations ................. 377 Case History: Developing the Bravo Dome C02 Field, New Mexico .................................................. 378 Case History: Developing a Fractured (Conventional) Reservoir, Austin Chalk, Texas .......................... 381 Coalbed Methane ............................................ 387 Case History: Developing Coal Bed Methane, Piceance Basin, Colorado ......................................... 388 Secondary Recovery and Waterfloods ......................... 389 Case History: Understanding a Waterflood at Cottonwood Creek Field, Wyoming .................................... 390 Extending Known Mineral Deposits ........................... 393 Case History: Extending Known Deposits in the Huancavelica Mining District, Peru ...................... 394 Slope Stability and Mine Safety ............................ 397 References ................................................. 397 12 Hydrology .................................................. 401 Chapter Overview ........................................... 401 Locating Sources of Groundwater ............................ 401 Soil Moisture Determination ................................ 405 Surface Waters and Bathymetry .............................. 407 Bathymetric Mapping and Ocean Floor Topography ............. 409 Sub-Glacial Water .......................................... 411 Geothermal Resources ....................................... 413 References ................................................. 415 Additional Reading ......................................... 418 13 Logistics and Engineering .................................. 419 Chapter Overview ........................................... 419 Site Selection ............................................. 419 Geologic Structure ...................................... 420 Surface Materials ....................................... 421 Subsidence .............................................. 421 Surface Slope ........................................... 422 Permafrost .............................................. 422 Expanding Clays ......................................... 424 Generating Appropriate Base Maps ........................... 424 Reconnaissance ............................................. 425 Transportation ............................................. 427 Construction Projects ...................................... 432 Case History: Site Selection for the Kakrapar Atomic Power Project, India .................................... 432 References ................................................. 433 Additional Reading ......................................... 434 Section IV Environmental Remote Sensing 14 Environmental Baselines and Monitoring ..................... 437 Chapter Overview ........................................... 437 Environmental Audits ....................................... 437 Hazardous Waste ......................................... 438 Terrestrial Hydrocarbon Leaks and Spills ................ 438 Habitat Mapping ............................................ 439 Surface Disturbance and Change Detection ................... 441 Case History: Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to Monitor Surface Deformation over a Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Project, Christina Lake, Alberta ........................................... 445 Coal Mine Fires ............................................ 446 Case History: Monitoring the Jharia Coal Fire, India .... 449 Mine Reclamation ........................................... 451 Case History: Mine Reclamation in the Couer d'Alene Mining District, idaho .................................. 451 Water Quality .............................................. 456 Rivers, Lakes, and Ponds ................................ 456 Case History: Acid Rock Drainage, Upper Arkansas River, Colorado ......................................... 457 Case History: Monitoring Algal Blooms and Toxins, Nebraska ................................................ 459 Groundwater Quality ..................................... 463 Estuaries and Wetlands .................................. 466 Marine Environment ...................................... 466 Algae ................................................ 466 Discharges, Spills, and Seeps ........................ 467 Coastal Change Mapping ............................... 469 Atmospheric and Air Pollution Monitoring ................... 470 Gas and Aerosol Detectors ............................... 473 Satellite and Airborne Atmospheric Monitoring ........... 476 References ................................................. 478 Additional Reading ......................................... 483 15 Geobotanical Remote Sensing ................................ 485 Chapter Overview ........................................... 485 Geobotany and Geological Mapping ........................... 486 Vegetation Suppression Techniques ....................... 491 Botanical Indicators of Mineralization and Alteration ...... 492 Botanical Responses to Hydrocarbons ........................ 494 Vegetation as a Groundwater/Geothermal Resource Indicator .. 499 References ................................................. 500 Additional Reading ......................................... 502 16 Environmental Hazards and Global Warming ................... 503 Chapter Overview ........................................... 503 Monitoring the Effects of Global Warming ................... 505 Landslides and Avalanches .................................. 508 Earthquakes and Tsunamis ................................... 513 Flooding ................................................... 516 Erosion .................................................... 520 Volcanoes .................................................. 521 Case History: Monitoring Volcanic Unrest in Kenya ....... 523 Subsidence and Sinkholes ................................... 525 Case History: Subsidence over Abandoned Coal Mines, Colorado Springs, Colorado .............................. 526 Marine Hazards ............................................. 528 Shoals .................................................. 529 Shoreline Change ........................................ 530 Submarine Slumps ........................................ 530 Sea Ice and Sea Ice Scour ............................... 530 Hydrates, Gas Vents, and Craters ........................ 532 References ................................................. 533 Additional Reading ......................................... 536 Section V Astrogeology References ................................................. 538 17 Mapping Planetary Structure ................................ 539 Chapter Overview ........................................... 539 Faulting ................................................... 539 Folding .................................................... 545 Impact Structures .......................................... 548 References ................................................. 555 Additional Reading ......................................... 556 18 Mapping Planetary Stratigraphy ............................. 559 Chapter Overview ........................................... 559 Erosion and Deposition ..................................... 559 Eolian Erosion and Deposition ........................... 559 Oceans and Lakes ........................................ 562 Rivers and Deltas ....................................... 562 Mass Wasting ............................................ 567 Glaciation .............................................. 568 Volcanism ............................................... 569 Composition and Mineral Mapping ............................ 572 References ................................................. 577 Additional Reading ......................................... 577 19 Planetary Resources ........................................ 579 Chapter Overview ........................................... 579 Water ...................................................... 579 Minerals and Metals ........................................ 582 Hydrocarbons ............................................... 583 References ................................................. 585 Additional Reading ......................................... 585 Section VI Remote Sensing, Geoscience, and the Public 20 Public Relations, the Media, and the Law ................... 589 Chapter Overview ........................................... 589 Public Relations ........................................... 589 Media ...................................................... 592 Remote Sensing and the Law ................................. 593 Regulations ............................................. 593 Law Suits ............................................... 594 References ................................................. 596 21 Geographic Information Systems and Online Remote Sensing Resources .......................................... 597 Chapter Overview ........................................... 597 Geographie Information Systems and Mapping ................. 598 Case History: Mine Management Using a Geographic Information System ...................................... 598 Case History: Pipeline Routing Using Remote Sensing and a Geographic Information System ..................... 600 Online Resources for Remote Sensing ........................ 601 Data Repositories ....................................... 602 NASA Reverb (reverb.echo.nasa.gov) ................... 602 Rapid Response (lance.nasa.gov/imagery/rapid- response/) ........................................... 602 USGS EarthExplorer (earthexplorer.usgs.gov) .......... 602 USGS GloVis (glovis.usgs.gov) ........................ 603 ESA EOLi (eoli.esa.int) .............................. 603 Community Remote Sensing ................................ 603 Ongoing Research ........................................ 604 Publishing Data ......................................... 605 Standards ............................................... 605 Software Tools .......................................... 605 Geographic Information Systems .......................... 606 Virtual Globes .......................................... 606 Google Earth ......................................... 606 NASA World Wind ...................................... 607 OpenWebGlobe ......................................... 608 Image Analysis .......................................... 610 ESA BEAM (www.brockmann-consult.de/cms/web/beam) ..... 610 GDAL (gdal.org) ...................................... 611 GeoTools (geotools.org) .............................. 611 OSSIM (www.ossim.org) ................................ 611 Networks ................................................ 611 Forums .................................................. 611 Twitter .............................................. 612 Blogs ................................................ 612 OpenTopography: Tutorial for a Web-Based Public Digital Topographic Data and Tools ................................. 613 Introduction ............................................ 613 Computing Considerations ................................ 614 References ................................................. 619 22 Closing Thoughts ........................................... 621 Index ......................................................... 623