CHAPTER 1 Photonic Applications of Semiconductor-Doped
Glasses ......................................................... 1
N.F. Borrelli
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.2 Brief Review of Physics of Quantum Dots .................... 3
1.2.1 Electrons in Solids ................................. 3
1.2.1a Free Electrons ............................... 3
1.2.1b Electrons in Periodic Potential .............. 4
1.2.3 Motion of Electrons in Bands ........................ 5
1.2.4 Wave-Packets ........................................ 6
1.2.5 Confinement ......................................... 7
1.2.6 Quantum Dots ........................................ 8
1.2.7 Spectroscopy of Quantum Dots in Glass .............. 11
1.3 Precipitation of Quantum Dots in Glass .................... 13
1.3.1 Quantum Dots in Glass Matrix ....................... 13
1.3.2 Nucleation and Growth .............................. 14
1.3.3 Ripening ........................................... 16
1.3.4 Quantum Dot Compositions ........................... 17
1.3.5 Summary ............................................ 19
1.4 Optical Effects ........................................... 19
1.4.1 Introduction ....................................... 19
1.4.2 Saturable Absorption ............................... 21
1.4.2a Experimental Results ............................... 24
1.4.3 Q-Switching and Mode Locking ....................... 36
1.4.3a Experimental Results ............................... 38
1.4.4 Laser/Amplifier .................................... 41
1.4.4a Experimental Results ............................... 41
1.4.5 Other Nonlinear Optical Devices .................... 47
1.5 Acknowledgement ........................................... 50
CHAPTER 2. Auger Processes in Nanosize Semiconductor Crystals .. 52
Alexander Efros
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 52
2.2 Quenching of the Nanocrystal Photoluminescence by an
Extra Charge .............................................. 53
2.3 Autoionization of the Nanocrystals and Auger Quenching
of the PL in the Nanocrystal with an Extra Charge ......... 57
2.4 Rate of Auger Processes in Nanocrystals ................... 61
2.5 Random Telegraph Signal in the PL Intensity of a Single
Quantum Dot ............................................... 63
2.6 Nonradiative Auger Relaxation in Nanocrystals with
Several Electron-Hole Pairs ............................... 66
2.7 Auger-Like Thermalization in Nanocrystals ................. 69
2.8 Concluding Remarks ........................................ 70
2.9 Acknowledgements .......................................... 71
CHAPTER 3. Carrier Dynamics, Optical Nonlinearities, and
Optical Gain in Nanocrystal Quantum Dots ....................... 73
Victor I. Klimov
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 73
3.2 Linear Absorption Spectra and the Structure of Optical
Transitions ............................................... 74
3.3 Transient Absorption Spectra and Resonant Optical
Nonlinearities ............................................ 77
3.3.1 Mechanisms for Resonant Optical Nonlinearities ..... 77
3.3.2 Transient Absorption: Femtosecond Dynamics and
Pump Dependences ................................... 78
3.4 Carrier Intraband Relaxation .............................. 84
3.4.1 Electron-hole Interactions and Electron Intraband
Dynamics ........................................... 84
3.4.2 Intraband Hole Relaxation and the Structure of
Valence band States ................................ 89
3.5 Multiparticle Dynamics and Stimulated Emission ............ 94
3.5.1 Optical Gain and Excited State Absorption Due to
Interface States ................................... 95
3.5.2 Multiparticle Auger Recombination and Optical
Gain Dynamics ...................................... 97
3.5.3 Stimulated Emission and basing .................... 103
3.6 Conclusion ............................................... 108
CHAPTER 4. Novel Device Applications of Stranski-Krastanov
Quantum Dots .................................................. 112
Karl Brunner and Artur Zrenner
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 112
4.2 Stranski-Krastanov Growth and Properties of GaAs/InGaAs
and Si/Ge Islands ........................................ 113
4.2.1 Structural Properties ............................. 113
4.2.2 Band Structure Properties ......................... 116
4.3 Intraband Photodetectors ................................. 119
4.3.1 Vertical Photocurrent Structures .................. 119
4.3.2 Lateral Photoconductivity Structures .............. 121
4.4 Optical Memory Device Structures Based on Quantum Dots ... 124
4.4.1 Overview .......................................... 124
4.4.2 Optical Quantum Dot Memory with Electric Read
out ............................................... 125
4.4.3 Optical Quantum Dot Memory with Optical Read out .. 131
4.5 Interband Photodetectors ................................. 135
4.5.1 Si/Ge Quantum Dot Photodiodes ..................... 135
4.5.2 InGaAs Single Quantum Dot Photodiodes ............. 137
4.5.3 Basic Properties of Single Quantum Dot
Photodiodes ....................................... 138
4.5.4 The Single Quantum Dot Photodiode as a 2-Level
System with Electric Contacts ..................... 143
4.6 Concluding Remarks ....................................... 148
CHAPTER 5. Porous Silicon as an Open Dielectric
Nanostructure ................................................. 152
J. Diener, N. Künzner, E. Gross, G. Polisski, and D. Kovalev
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 152
5.2 Materials Properties of Porous Silicon ................... 154
5.2.1 Formation of Porous Silicon ....................... 154
5.2.2 Tuning the Porosity of Porous Silicon ............. 155
5.2.3 Morphology of Porous Silicon ...................... 157
5.3 Basic Dielectric Properties of Porous Silicon ............ 159
5.3.1 The Refractive Index of Porous Silicon ............ 159
5.3.2 Porous Silicon Multilayers ........................ 162
5.4 Dielectric Effects in the Photoluminescence of Porous
Silicon .................................................. 162
5.4.1 Polarization Memory Phenomenon .................... 163
5.5 Optically Induced Polarization Anisotropy in Porous
Silicon .................................................. 187
5.6 Structural Induced Polarization Anisotropy in Porous
Silicon .................................................. 192
5.7 Dielectric Anisotropy of the Refractive Index of PSI ..... 197
5.8 Summary .................................................. 206
CHAPTER 6. Nanocrystalline Silicon-Silicon Dioxide
Superiattices: Structural and Optical Properties .............. 209
Leonid Tsybeskov and David J. Lockwood
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 209
6.2 Fabrication Techniques and Post-treatment Procedures ..... 211
6.3 Structural Characterization of Nanocrystalline Silicon -
Silicon Dioxide Superiattices: Transmission Electron
Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction ......................... 215
6.4 Raman Scattering from Nanocrystalline Silicon-Silicon
Dioxide Superlattices: Optical and Acoustic Phonons and
Polarization Raman Measurements .......................... 219
6.5 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy in Nanocrystalline
Silicon - Silicon Dioxide Superlattices .................. 229
6.6 Summary and Future Directions in Nanocrystalline
Silicon - Amorphous Silicon Dioxide Based
Nanostructures ........................................... 235
6.7 Acknowledgements ......................................... 236
CHAPTER 7. Quantum Dot Photonic Crystals ...................... 239
David J. Norris and Yurii A. Vlasov
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 239
7.1.1 Electronic Confinement ............................ 239
7.1.2 Photonic Confinement .............................. 240
7.1.3 Combining Electronic and Photonic Confinement ..... 242
7.2 Photonic Crystals ........................................ 242
7.3 Quantum Dot Photonic Crystals ............................ 246
7.3.1 Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals .............. 246
7.3.2 Periodic Quantum Dot Solids ....................... 247
7.3.3 Silicon Photonic Band Gap Crystals ................ 250
7.4 Conclusions .............................................. 258
7.5 Acknowledgements ......................................... 258
Index ......................................................... 261
|
