Contributor contact details ................................ vii
Preface ..................................................... ix
1 Introduction to polymeric scaffolds for tissue
engineering .................................................. 1
К. Harrison, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, UK
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Cells used in tissue engineering ........................ 1
1.3 The scaffold structure .................................. 7
1.4 Fabrication techniques for tissue scaffolds ............ 20
1.5 Supercritical fluid processing ......................... 21
1.6 Future trends .......................................... 25
1.7 References ............................................. 27
2 Introduction to polymeric drug delivery systems ............. 33
К. Harrison, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, UK
2.1 Introduction: controlled drug release .................. 33
2.2 Mechanisms of action for controlled drug release ....... 35
2.3 Examples of controlled-release delivery systems ........ 39
2.4 Commonly used polymers for drug delivery systems ....... 44
2.5 Polymer characteristics and properties ................. 47
2.6 Future trends .......................................... 53
2.7 References ............................................. 54
3 Hydrogels in cell encapsulation and tissue engineering ...... 57
A. Hillel, P. Shah and J. Elisseeff, Johns Hopkins
University, USA
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 57
3.2 Structure and properties of a cross-linked hydrogel .... 58
3.3 Methods to form a hydrogel ............................. 61
3.4 Application to cell encapsulation and tissue
engineering ............................................ 64
3.5 Future trends .......................................... 73
3.6 Sources of further information and advice .............. 75
3.7 References ............................................. 75
4 Biodegradable polymers for drug delivery systems ............ 83
G.S. Kwon and D.Y. Furgeson, University of Wisconsin, USA
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 83
4.2 Synthetic biodegradable block copolymers:
polyanhydrides, polyalkycyanoacrylates,
polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters ................. 84
4.3 Biodegradable polyesters for drug delivery ............. 88
4.4 Polyethylenimine and poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly
(L-lysine)-γ-histidine ................................. 97
4.5 Synthetic block copolypeptides ......................... 98
4.6 Future trends .......................................... 98
4.7 References ............................................. 99
5 Polymers as replacement materials for heart valves and
arteries ................................................... 111
D.M. Espino, University of Birmingham, UK
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 111
5.2 The cardiovascular system ............................. 112
5.3 Replacing heart valves ................................ 114
5.4 Replacing arteries .................................... 123
5.5 Tissue-engineered arteries ............................ 128
5.6 Summary and future trends ............................. 130
5.7 Sources of further information and advice ............. 131
5.8 Acknowledgements ...................................... 132
5.9 References ............................................ 132
6 Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in joint
replacement ................................................ 141
F-W. Shen, University of California Los Angeles, USA
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 141
6.2 The structure of UHMWPE ............................... 141
6.3 Fabrication of implants using UHMWPE .................. 142
6.4 Implant sterilization ................................. 143
6.5 Cross-linking to improve implant wear properties ...... 148
6.6 Future trends ......................................... 161
6.7 Sources of further information and advice ............. 162
6.8 References ............................................ 162
7 Polymers in biosensors ..................................... 174
F. Davis and S.P.J. Higson, Cranfield University, UK
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 174
7.2 The development and format of biosensors .............. 174
7.3 Polymer membranes in biosensors ....................... 176
7.4 Polymer coatings for biosensors ....................... 181
7.5 Conducting polymers in biosensors ..................... 181
7.6 Redox-active polymers in biosensors ................... 186
7.7 Molecularly imprinted polymers in biosensors .......... 188
7.8 Summary and future trends ............................. 190
7.9 Sources of further information and advice ............. 190
7.10 References ............................................ 191
8 Tissue engineering using natural polymers .................. 197
V.M Correlo, M.E Gomes, К. Tuzlakoglu, J.M. Oliveira,
P.В. Malafaya, J.F. Mano, N.M. Neves and R.L. Reis,
University of Minho, Portugal
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 197
8.2 Chitosan and starch-based polymers in tissue
engineering ........................................... 198
8.3 Production of 3D porous scaffolds by extrusion and
injection moulding with a blowing agent ............... 199
8.4 Producing 3D porous scaffolds using fibre bonding ..... 200
8.5 Producing 3D porous scaffolds by melt based
compression moulding with particulate leaching ........ 202
8.6 3D porous scaffolds produced by freeze-drying ......... 204
8.7 Particle aggregation techniques to produce 3D porous
scaffolds ............................................. 207
8.8 Microwave processing of 3D polymeric scaffolds ........ 210
8.9 Conclusion ............................................ 211
8.10 References ............................................ 212
Index ...................................................... 219
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