Preface ........................................................ ix
Author's Bio ................................................... xi
Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................... 1
REFERENCES ...................................................... 3
Chapter 2 Basic Principles of Light and Vision ................. 5
2.1 NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF LIGHT ............................. 5
2.2 VISION .................................................... 12
2.3 LIGHT SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS .............................. 17
2.4 WHITE LIGHT ............................................... 22
2.5 MEASURING LIGHT ........................................... 24
Chapter 3 Electrical Incandescent Light Sources ............... 29
3.1 CONVENTIONAL INCANDESCENT LAMPS ........................... 31
3.2 HALOGEN INCANDESCENT LAMPS ................................ 40
3.3 EVALUATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY .............................. 47
3.4 CODES/PRODUCT CATEGORIZATION .............................. 48
3.5 ELECTROCANDOLUMINESCENCE: A NOVEL LIGHT SOURCE ............ 50
GENERAL SOURCES ................................................ 53
Chapter 4 Electrical Discharge Lamps .......................... 55
4.1 PLASMA PROCESSES .......................................... 55
4.1.1 Elastic Collisions ................................. 58
4.1.2 Inelastic Collisions ............................... 58
4.1.3 Superelastic Collisions ............................ 58
4.2 LOW-PRESSURE DISCHARGE LAMPS .............................. 59
4.2.1 Low-Pressure Mercury Vapor Discharges .............. 59
4.2.1.1 The Phosphors ............................. 60
4.2.1.2 The Electrodes ............................ 64
4.2.1.3 The Ballast ............................... 66
4.2.2 Low-Pressure Noble Gas Discharges .................. 71
4.2.3 Low-Pressure Sodium Vapor Discharges ............... 80
4.3 PRESSURE EFFECT ........................................... 83
4.3.1 Thermal Equilibrium ................................ 83
4.3.2 Line Broadening .................................... 84
4.4 HIGH-PRESSURE DISCHARGE LAMPS ............................. 85
4.4.1 High-Pressure Mercury Vapor Discharges ............. 86
4.4.2 High-Pressure Sodium Vapor Discharges .............. 89
4.4.3 Metal Halide Discharge Lamps ....................... 93
4.4.4 High-Pressure Xenon Gas Discharges ................ 100
4.4.5 Carbon Arc Lamp ................................... 105
4.5 INDUCTION LAMPS .......................................... 105
4.5.1 Low-Pressure Mercury Vapor Induction Lamp ......... 106
4.5.2 The Sulfur Lamp ................................... 107
4.6 PULSED OPERATION ......................................... 111
4.7 ALTERNATIVE DISCHARGE LIGHT SOURCES ...................... 115
4.8 MICRODISCHARGE PROPERTIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LIGHT
SOURCES .................................................. 119
REFERENCES .................................................... 123
Chapter 5 Solid-State Light Sources .......................... 125
5.1 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED) ............................... 126
5.2 ORGANIC LEDS ............................................. 133
5.3 LED WHITE LIGHT EMISSIONS ................................ 134
5.4 LED OPERATION ............................................ 140
5.5 THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF LEDS ............................... 143
5.5.1 What Defines the Junction Temperature? ............ 146
5.5.2 Overheating Avoidance ............................. 147
5.6 DIMMING/CONTROLLING THE BRIGHTNESS ....................... 149
5.7 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEDS .......................... 150
5.8 APPLICATIONS ............................................. 152
5.8.1 Signage-Visual Contact ............................ 153
5.8.2 General Lighting—No Visual Contact with the
Source ............................................ 154
5.9 CLOSING REMARKS .......................................... 155
REFERENCES AND USEFUL LINKS ................................... 156
STANDARDS ..................................................... 156
Chapter 6 Dynamic Lighting ................................... 159
Chapter 7 Luminaires ......................................... 165
Chapter 8 Lasers ............................................. 175
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................. 182
Chapter 9 Closing Remarks .................................... 183
APPENDIX A .................................................... 189
APPENDIX B THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM ........................................... 193
APPENDIX С .................................................... 195
APPENDIX D LIST OF PHOSPHOR POWDERS FOR FLUORESCENT LAMPS ..... 197
APPENDIX E .................................................... 201
APPENDIX F .................................................... 203
INDEX ......................................................... 205
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