Ågren G.I. Terrestrial ecosystem ecology: principles and applications / G.I.Ågren, F.O.Andersson. - Cambridgey; New York: Cambridg University Press, 2012. - xviii, 330 p.: ill., maps. - Ref.: p.304-319. - Ind.: p.320-330. - ISBN 978-1-107-01107-6  Место хранения:   036 | Институт природных ресурсов, экологии и криологии CO РАН | Чита

Оглавление / Contents

List of boxes ................................................ xiii Preface ........................................................ xv Prologue Environmental changes and ecosystem effects: two historical examples ........................................................ 1 Acid rain ....................................................... 1 Global warming .................................................. 4 Approaches to solutions ......................................... 5 Further reading ................................................. 6 SECTION I HISTORY AND CONCEPTS .................................. 7 1 History of ecology ........................................... 8 Protoecology ................................................. 8 Early ecology ................................................ 9 fee ecosystem concept ....................................... 11 Modern ecology .............................................. 12 Biome ecology ............................................... 13 Alternative biome ecology: the Hubbard Brook project ........ 14 Postbiome ecosystem research ................................ 14 Later ecosystem research .................................... 15 Ecosystem research requires long-term observations and aspects ..................................................... 16 Landscape ecology ........................................... 16 Gaia and non-equilibrium ecology ............................ 16 Sustainability and biodiversity ............................. 17 Further reading ............................................. 17 2 I Ecology, ecosystem and ecosystem science .................. 18 Ecology ..................................................... 18 Ecosystem ................................................... 20 Ecosystem science or ecosystem ecology? ..................... 21 Further reading ............................................. 24 3 Ecosystem ecology: cornerstones and scientific methodology ................................................. 25 A note on terminology ....................................... 25 Understanding processes ..................................... 25 Basic principles and scientific methodology ................. 29 Cornerstones ................................................ 30 Mass balance ............................................. 30 Steady state ............................................. 31 Limiting nutrients ....................................... 32 Optimality ............................................... 32 One equation says more than a thousand words ................ 34 Understanding the cornerstones .............................. 35 Further reading ............................................. 38 SECTION II ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE 39 AND FUNCTION 4 I Ecosystem structure: site factors, soil and vegetation .... 40 Terrestrial ecosystems and site factors ..................... 40 Soil physics and chemistry .................................. 41 The soil in an ecosystem context ......................... 41 Soil physical properties ................................. 42 Soil air ................................................. 45 Soil water ............................................... 46 Soil chemical properties, mineral nutrients and plants ... 46 Soil reactions and availability of mineral nutrients ..... 47 Soil types ............................................... 49 Ecosystem layering .......................................... 51 Terrestrial biomes .......................................... 55 Vegetation ............................................... 55 Features of terrestrial biomes and ecosystems ............ 56 Further reading ............................................. 62 5 Energy and water ............................................ 64 Solar energy ................................................ 64 Water balance ............................................... 72 Evapotranspiration .......................................... 75 Potential and actual evapotranspiration ..................... 78 SPAC: The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum ................... 82 Further reading ............................................. 87 6 Plant production ............................................ 88 Photosynthesis at leaf level ................................ 88 C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis ............................... 92 Leaf area index and specific leaf area ...................... 95 Light extinction within a canopy ............................ 98 Photosynthesis at canopy level ............................. 102 Light-use efficiency ....................................... 103 Water-use efficiency ....................................... 105 Plant respiration .......................................... 106 Growth respiration ...................................... 106 Maintenance respiration ................................. 108 Root respiration and ion uptake ......................... 108 Plant nutrient relationships ............................... 108 Nutrient productivity ................................... 109 Nutrient-use efficiency ................................. 111 Plant allocation ........................................... 112 Plant nutrient uptake ...................................... 117 Steady-state nutrition ..................................... 121 Global plant traits ........................................ 121 Further reading ............................................ 123 7 Soil organic matter dynamics ............................... 124 Litter and soil organic matter ............................. 124 A model of litter decomposition ............................ 125 Litter quality ............................................. 130 Abiotic controls ........................................... 135 Extracellular enzymes ...................................... 137 Other controlling factors .................................. 139 Element concentration in decomposers ....................... 139 Soil food webs ............................................. 140 Models of soil organic matter .............................. 141 Further reading ............................................ 144 8 Organisms and ecosystem processes .......................... 145 Species and ecosystems ..................................... 145 Concepts of stability ...................................... 145 Species matter ............................................. 147 Or maybe not ............................................... 149 Further reading ............................................ 150 9 Element cycles ............................................. 151 Ecosystem scale ............................................ 153 The carbon cycle ........................................ 153 The nitrogen cycle ...................................... 161 The phosphorus cycle .................................... 169 The potassium cycle ..................................... 171 The calcium cycle ....................................... 172 The magnesium cycle ..................................... 173 The sulfur cycle ........................................ 174 Element cycling in a temperate Norway spruce forest ..... 175 Comparison of element cycling in different terrestrial ecosystems .............................................. 180 Biomass .............................................. 180 Production ........................................... 180 Plant biomass turnover ............................... 182 Nitrogen-use efficiency: NUE ......................... 183 Degree of openness ................................... 184 Turnover time of soil carbon ......................... 185 Turnover time of soil nitrogen ....................... 185 Soil carbon/plant carbon ratio ....................... 186 Soil nitrogen/plant nitrogen ratio ................... 186 Global scale ............................................... 186 The carbon cycle ........................................ 186 The nitrogen cycle ...................................... 188 The phosphorus cycle .................................... 190 The sulfur cycle ........................................ 191 Human influence on element mass balances ................... 191 Further reading ............................................ 198 10 Principles ................................................. 200 Principles pertaining to boundary conditions (B) ........... 200 Principle Bl. On boundaries and storage ................. 200 Principle B2. On perturbing boundaries .................. 202 Principle B3. On nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation ..... 202 Principle B4. On production and openness ................ 203 Principle B5. On time scales and openness ............... 203 Principles pertaining to energy and water (A) .............. 204 Principle AI. On climatic and ecosystem distribution .... 204 Principles pertaining to plant processes (P) ............... 204 Principle PI. On element availability ................... 204 Principle P2. On light limitation ....................... 206 Principle P3. On nutrient limitation .................... 206 Principle P4. On water limitation ....................... 206 Principle P5. On resource use efficiency and acquisition ............................... 206 Principles pertaining to soil processes (S) ................ 207 Principle SI. On decomposition - energy limitation ...... 207 Principle S2. On nitrogen fixation ...................... 208 Principle S3. On nitrogen leaching ...................... 208 Principles pertaining to element cycles (E) ................ 208 Principle El. On openness of element cycles ............. 208 Principle E2. On element distributions .................. 209 Principle E3. On ecosystem carbon storage ............... 210 Further reading ............................................ 212 SECTION III ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS AT DIFFERENT TIME SCALES ....... 213 11 Tectonic to orbital changes ................................ 215 Changes during the development of the biosphere ............ 215 Further reading ............................................ 224 12 Millennial to centennial or postglacial changes ............ 225 Postglacial development .................................... 225 Humans, climate and ecosystems ............................. 231 Centennial to recent changes ............................... 232 13 Centennial to annual changes ............................... 235 Wind ....................................................... 235 Fire ....................................................... 236 Grazing and other animal impacts ........................... 238 The tropical case ....................................... 238 The boreal case ......................................... 241 Stages in ecosystem development ............................ 242 Further reading ............................................ 244 SECTION IV APPLICATIONS ....................................... 245 14 Air pollution and forest ecosystems ........................ 246 Direct effects of air pollution on trees ................... 248 Indirect effects of air pollution on forest ecosystems ..... 250 Empirical evidence ...................................... 250 Forest soil acidification: centennial to recent changes .............................................. 250 Biological versus pollution-generated acidification: the hydrogen ion budget approach ..................... 253 Nutritional changes in trees ......................... 254 Growth rate changes in forests ....................... 255 Vegetation changes ................................... 257 Experimental evidence: understanding ....................... 258 Critical loads and the future .............................. 260 Critical loads from a European perspective ................. 261 Further reading ............................................ 263 15 Global change .............................................. 264 Effects on ecosystem carbon balance ........................ 265 Atmospheric carbon dioxide .............................. 265 Temperature ............................................. 266 Nitrogen ................................................ 267 Precipitation ........................................... 267 Effects on ecosystem nitrogen balance ...................... 268 Interactions ............................................... 269 Threshold effects .......................................... 270 Bioenergy: cure or curse? .................................. 271 Further reading ............................................ 274 Epilogue I Society and terrestrial ecosystem ecology ....... 275 What are ecosystem services? ............................... 276 Ecosystem changes in the last 50 years ..................... 277 Linking society and the scientific community ............... 280 Further reading ............................................ 283 Appendix 1 Abbreviations ...................................... 284 Appendix 2 Glossary ........................................... 287 Appendix 3 Some useful values and symbols used to represent them ....................................................... 295 Appendix 4 Information and data on selected ecosystems ........ 296 (1) Arctic tundra: Stordalen, Sweden ....................... 296 Further reading ........................................ 297 (2) Boreal coniferous pine forest: Jдdraдs, Sweden ......... 297 Further reading ........................................ 297 (3) Temperate short grass prairie (steppe): Pawnee site, Colorado, USA .......................................... 297 Further reading ........................................ 298 (4) Temperate beech forest: Solling {Heinz Ellenberg), Germany ................................................ 298 Further reading ........................................ 298 (5) Temperate planted spruce forest: Skogaby, Sweden ....... 298 Further reading ........................................ 299 (6) Temperate coniferous rain forest: H.J. Andrews, Oregon, USA ............................................ 299 Further reading ........................................ 299 (7) Tropical savanna: Point Noire (Kondi), Congo ........... 299 Further reading ........................................ 300 (8) Tropical dry forest: Chamela, Mexico ................... 300 Further reading ........................................ 300 (9) Tropical rain forest: San Carlos, Venezuela ............ 301 Further reading ........................................ 301 References .................................................... 304 Index ......................................................... 320 Colour plate section is found between pp. 174 and 175.