Pekala R.J. Quantifying consciousness: an empirical approach. - New York: Plenum Press, 1991. - xxiii, 422 p.: ill. - (Emotions, personality, and psychotherapy). - Ref.: p.395-409. - Ind.: p.413-422. - ISBN 0-306-43750-3  Место хранения:   022 | Институт экономики и организации промышленного производства | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Introduction .................................................... 1 Why an Empirical Phenomenology? .............................. 2 Organizational Format ........................................ 6 I THE BACKGROUND 1 Consciousness and Introspection: Historical Developments ................................................ 11 Introduction ................................................ 11 Consciousness and Philosophy ................................ 12 Consciousness and Psychology ................................ 14 Structural Psychology .................................... 14 Functional Psychology .................................... 17 Phenomenological Approaches .............................. 19 The Rise of Behaviorism .................................. 21 A Modern Return to Consciousness ............................ 22 For and Against Introspection ............................ 23 The Legitimacy of Introspective Observation .............. 25 Unbiased Scientific Observation .......................... 28 2 Phenomenological Perspectives on Consciousness .............. 31 Consciousness ............................................... 31 The Phenomenology of Consciousness .......................... 34 The Nature of the Stream of Consciousness ................... 36 States of Consciousness ..................................... 38 An Eastern Enumeration of States of Consciousness ......... 39 A Western Enumeration of States of Consciousness .......... 40 Theories of States of Consciousness ....................... 41 Tart's Theoretical Approach to States of Consciousness ...... 45 Experimental Studies in the Phenomenology of States of Consciousness ............................................ 48 Conclusions ................................................. 51 3 The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology ...................... 53 Information Processing ...................................... 53 Assumptions and Concepts .................................... 54 Current Cognitive Models of Mind ............................ 56 Singer's Review into Private Experience and Personality ... 56 Mandler's Structure of Mind and Consciousness ............. 58 Anderson's ACT* Model ..................................... 60 Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Models of Consciousness ............................................. 61 Baars's Global Workspace Theory of Consciousness .......... 63 Differential Emotions Theory .............................. 65 Consciousness and the Unconscious ......................... 68 Conclusions ................................................. 71 4 Quantifying the Structures and Patterns of Consciousness: An Empirical-Phenomenological Approach ...................... 73 Introduction ................................................ 73 The Lack of Phenomenological Research ....................... 74 The Hope of Neurophysiological Approaches ................. 74 Distrust of Introspection ................................. 74 Modern Introspection ........................................ 75 From Classical to Contemporary Introspection ................ 76 Reliability and Validity .................................. 76 Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment ................. 78 Operationalizing and Quantifying the Structures and Processes of Consciousness .................................. 78 Husserl's Intentionality Doctrine ......................... 79 The Cognitive Psychologists ............................... 79 The Consciousness Psychologists ........................... 80 Quantifying Consciousness ................................. 82 Operationalizing and Quantifying a State of Consciousness ... 82 Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment ................. 84 Stimulus-State Specificity ................................ 85 Psygrams, Pips, Hypnographs, and Icons ...................... 86 Format for the Next Section ................................. 87 II THE INSTRUMENTS 5 Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Phenomenology of Consciousness Questionnaire ................ 91 Construction of the Phenomenology of Consciousness Questionnaire ............................................... 91 Pilot Studies ............................................... 92 First and Second Pilot Studies ............................ 92 Third Pilot Study ......................................... 93 Fourth Pilot Study ........................................ 94 Development of the Phenomenology of Consciousness Questionnaire ............................................... 94 Format .................................................... 94 Pearson r Correlations for the Duplicate Item-Pairs ....... 94 Confirmatory Cluster Analysis ............................. 95 Exploratory Factor Analysis ............................... 96 Format for the PCQ Study .................................... 96 Reliability ................................................. 99 Item-Pair Reliability ..................................... 99 Coefficient Alpha Results ................................ 100 Cluster and Factor Analyses .............................. 101 Test-Retest Reliability .................................... 101 Validity: Intensity Effects ................................ 102 Dimension Intensity Differences between the Baseline Conditions ............................................... 103 Dimension Intensity Differences between Treatment and Baseline Conditions ...................................... 103 Dimension Intensity Differences between Treatment Conditions ............................................... 105 Validity: Pattern Effects .................................. 106 Pattern Differences between the Baseline Conditions ...... 106 Pattern Differences between the Treatment and Baseline Conditions ............................................... 107 Reliability, Reactivity, Stability, and Validity ........... 108 Reliability .............................................. 108 Reactive Effects of Introspection ........................ 108 Test-Retest Reliability .................................. 108 Stability of the Dimensions of Consciousness ............. 109 Validity ................................................. 109 States of Consciousness .................................... 109 An Altered State of Consciousness ........................ 110 An Identity State of Consciousness ....................... 111 Conclusions ................................................ 111 6 Development, Reliability, and Validity of the (Abbreviated) Dimensions of Consciousness Questionnaire .... 113 Development of the Dimensions of Consciousness Questionnaire .............................................. 113 Development of the Abbreviated Dimensions of Consciousness Questionnaire .............................................. 114 Procedure and Hypotheses ................................... 115 Reliability of the Dimensions of Consciousness Questionnaire .............................................. 117 Item-Pair Reliability .................................... 117 Cluster and Factor Analyses .............................. 117 Coefficient Alphas ....................................... 118 Reliability of the Abbreviated Dimensions of Consciousness Questionnaire ................................ 118 Validity ................................................... 120 Intensity Comparisons .................................... 120 Pattern Comparisons ...................................... 121 Stimulus-State Specificity ................................. 121 Intensity Comparisons .................................... 121 Pattern Comparisons ...................................... 122 Other Results .............................................. 122 Summary and Discussion of Results .......................... 124 Reliability of the DCQ ................................... 124 Reliability of the ADCQ .................................. 124 Discriminant and Construct Validity of the (A)DCQ ........ 124 Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment and Stimulus- State Specificity ........................................ 125 Conclusions ................................................ 126 7 The Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory ............... 127 Introduction ............................................... 127 Development of the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory .................................................. 128 Developing the PCI from the Pre-PCI ...................... 128 The Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory ............. 130 Reliability of the PCI ................................... 133 PCI Gender Effects ....................................... 134 Stimulus-State Specificity ............................... 134 Conclusions .............................................. 134 Using the PCI to Assess Two Different Stimulus Conditions .. 135 Subjects and Procedure ................................... 135 Results .................................................. 136 Discussion and Conclusions ............................... 141 8 Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Dimensions of Attention Questionnaire ................................. 145 Rationale for an Attention Questionnaire ................... 145 Development of Items for an Attention Questionnaire ........ 146 Study 1 .................................................... 148 Design ................................................... 148 Method ................................................... 149 Results .................................................. 150 Discussion ............................................... 157 Study 2 .................................................... 159 Development of the Dimensions of Attention Questionnaire .............................................. 159 Design ................................................... 161 Method ................................................... 161 Results .................................................. 162 Discussion ............................................... 167 9 Graphing Devices for the Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment Instruments ..................................... 171 Psygrams ................................................... 171 Introduction ............................................. 171 The Nature of a Psygram .................................. 172 States of Consciousness Associated with Specific Stimulus Conditions ...................................... 176 States of Consciousness Associated with Different Subject Types ............................................ 180 Psygrams Assessed during Hypnosis ........................ 183 Conclusions .............................................. 186 Pips ....................................................... 186 Introduction ............................................. 186 Format ................................................... 186 Illustrating the Use of Pips ............................. 187 Pip Interpretation ....................................... 188 Icons ...................................................... 192 Introduction ............................................. 192 Illustrating the Use of Icons ............................ 193 Conclusions .............................................. 197 Hypnographs ................................................ 197 Introduction ............................................. 197 Illustrating a Hypnograph ................................ 198 Conclusions .............................................. 200 RPA Graphing Devices Construction .......................... 200 Psygram Construction ..................................... 200 Pip Construction ......................................... 202 Icon Construction ........................................ 202 Hypnograph Construction .................................. 203 Conclusion ................................................. 203 10 Using Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment Instruments: Theory and Praxis ............................. 205 Administration of the Self-Report Instruments .............. 205 Scoring .................................................... 206 Manual Scoring ........................................... 206 Computerized Scoring ..................................... 207 Rationale for the Use of Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment ................................................. 208 Rationale for the Principle of Stimulus-State Specificity .. 210 Mapping States of Consciousness across Groups of Individuals ................................................ 211 Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment .................. 215 Administration of the RPA Inventory ...................... 215 Time Period Length ....................................... 215 Elapsed Time between the Stimulus Condition and Completion of the Inventory ................................ 217 Use of a Practice Questionnaire and Completion of the Inventory for the First Time ............................... 217 Demand Characteristics, Response Bias, "Holding Back," and Expectancy ............................................. 219 Validity ................................................. 221 Reliability .............................................. 222 Limitations .............................................. 223 Stimulus-State Specificity ................................. 225 Same- and Different-Condition Specificity ................ 226 Benefits ................................................. 226 Limitations .............................................. 227 Assessing States of Consciousness with RPA ................. 228 Tart's Definitions ....................................... 229 Redefining Identity, Discrete, and Altered States of Consciousness .............................................. 230 A Note on Methodology as to "Fundamental Structures" of Consciousness .............................................. 233 The Jennrich and the Box Tests ............................. 235 The Jennrich Test ........................................ 235 The Box Test ............................................. 236 Using the Jennrich and Box Tests ......................... 237 Psygrams and Pattern Comparisons ........................... 237 Pattern Comparisons Based on the Twelve Major PCI Dimensions ............................................... 237 Depicting Only Statistically Significant Variance Percentages .............................................. 238 Psygrams Based on 60 to 120 Subjects ................... 238 Group Size Limits When Using the Pattern Comparisons and Psygrams ............................................. 239 The Jennrich Test and PCI Dimension Variability: Correcting for Variance Differences ........................ 239 Conclusions ................................................ 242 IV. APPLICATIONS 11 The Trait of Absorption and Subjective Experience .......... 245 Introduction ............................................... 245 Study 1 .................................................... 246 Method ................................................... 247 Results .................................................. 248 Discussion ............................................... 248 Study 2 .................................................... 248 Method ................................................... 249 Results .................................................. 249 Discussion ............................................... 252 Conclusions .............................................. 252 Study 3 .................................................... 253 Method ................................................... 253 Results .................................................. 253 Conclusions .............................................. 257 12 Using the PCI to Investigate Trait-State Aspects of Hypnosis and Several Stress Management Conditions .......... 259 Study 1 .................................................... 259 Rationale ................................................ 259 Predictions .............................................. 260 Research Design .......................................... 261 Nature of the Results .................................... 262 Discussion and Interpretation ............................ 264 Study 2 .................................................... 268 Rationale ................................................ 268 Research Design .......................................... 269 Nature of the Results .................................... 270 Discussion and Interpretation ............................ 278 Study 3 .................................................... 279 Introduction ............................................. 279 Method ................................................... 280 Results .................................................. 281 Discussion ............................................... 286 Concluding Remarks ......................................... 286 13 The Differential Organization of the Structures of Consciousness during Hypnosis .............................. 289 Study 1 .................................................... 289 Introduction ............................................. 289 Investigating the Organization of the Structures of Consciousness during Hypnosis ............................ 290 Comparing States of Consciousness ........................ 291 Research Design .......................................... 292 Results .................................................. 292 Discussion and Interpretation ............................ 296 Summary and Concluding Remarks ........................... 301 Study 2 .................................................... 302 Introduction ............................................. 302 Data Analysis with the Combined Subject Pool ............. 302 Assessing the Jennrich Pattern Analyses by a Sophisticated Factor Analytic Approach ................. 304 Introduction ............................................. 304 Design and Analysis ...................................... 305 Conclusions .............................................. 306 14 Predicting Hypnotic Susceptibility with the PCI .......... 309 Introduction ............................................... 309 Study 1 .................................................... 310 Research Design .......................................... 310 Nature of the Results .................................... 311 Discussion and Interpretation ............................ 314 Study 2 .................................................... 314 Research Design .......................................... 315 Nature of the Results .................................... 315 Discussion and Interpretation ............................ 318 The Assessment of Hypnoidal States: Rationale and Clinical Application ....................................... 319 Hypnoidal States ......................................... 320 Using the PCI to Assess Hypnoidal Effects in Individual Patients ................................................. 322 Discussion and Conclusions ............................... 326 Hypnoidal Effects Associated with Several Stress Management Strategies ...................................... 326 Research Design .......................................... 327 Nature of the Results .................................... 327 Discussion and Interpretation ............................ 329 Concluding Remarks: The Nature of Trance ................... 331 15 Assessing an Out-of-the-Body Experience with the PCI and the DAQ ................................................ 333 Introduction ............................................... 333 The Near-Death Experience .................................. 334 The Out-of-the-Body Experience ............................. 334 Purposes ................................................... 335 Methodology ................................................ 335 Subject .................................................. 335 Materials and Procedure .................................. 336 Results .................................................... 337 Discussion ................................................. 340 Altered State and Hypnoidal Effects ...................... 340 Phenomenological Intensity Effects ....................... 340 Significance and Conclusions ............................. 341 16 Consciousness: A Noetic-Behavioral Integration ............. 343 An Integration of Phenomenological Data with Psychological Theory and Research .......................... 343 Areas of Future Research ................................... 345 A Noetic-Behavioral Integration ............................ 349 Appendixes A PCI Items as a Function of PCI (Sub)Dimension (Using Form 1 Items) .............................................. 351 B DAQ Items as a Function of DAQ Dimensions (Using Form 1 Items) ........................................... 357 C Item Numbers for Forms 1 and 2 of the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory .............................. 363 D Item Numbers for Forms 1 and 2 of the Dimensions of Attention Questionnaire ................................. 365 E Raw Score Conversion Tables for the PCI and the DAQ ..... 367 F SYSTAT Programs ......................................... 385 G Jennrich Pattern Analysis Program Using APL ............. 393 References ................................................. 395 About the Author .............................................. 411 Author Index .................................................. 413 Subject Index ................................................. 417