Preface ......................................................... V
Acknowledgements .............................................. VII
The Editors .................................................. VIII
Additional editorial committee and internal reviewers .......... XI
External reviewers ............................................ XII
Contributors ................................................. XIII
List of abbreviations ......................................... XVI
Section 1 - Guideline ........................................... 1
1.1 What are the aims of the ModelPROBE Handbook and
what does it consist of? An overview ....................... 3
1.2 Why is a new approach to contaminated site
characterisation needed and why do new approaches meet
severe obstacles? A brief introduction ..................... 3
1.3 A new approach to contaminated site characterisation and
its framework - The ModelPROBE approach .................... 6
1.4 The ModelPROBE techniques and methods at a glance -
A brief guidance to the Manuals Part of the Handbook ....... 8
1.5 How to integrate ModelPROBE within an overall
investigation framework - A brief guidance to the
practical use of the techniques covered by ModelPROBE ..... 11
1.6 Further information on ModelPROBE ......................... 15
1.7 References ................................................ 15
Section 2 - Factsheets
I Geophysical Methods
2.1 Self-Potential (SP) ....................................... 19
2.2 Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Spectral Induced
Polarization (SIP) ........................................ 22
2.3 Electromagnetic Induction mapping (terrain
conductivity) ............................................. 25
2.4 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) ............................ 28
2.5 Radio Magnetotelluric (RMT) ............................... 31
2.6 Geophysical data fusion ................................... 34
II Minimally Invasive Methods
2.7 Tree Core Monitoring ...................................... 37
2.8 Direct Push General introduction .......................... 40
2.9 Direct Push Geophysical methods ........................... 43
2.10 Direct Push Sampling ...................................... 46
2.11 Direct Push Hydrostratigraphic tools ...................... 49
2.12 Direct Push Geotechnical methods .......................... 52
2.13 Direct Push Geochemical methods ........................... 55
III Biogeochemical Methods
2.14 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) ................. 58
2.15 Classical ВACTRAP ......................................... 61
2.16 Direct Push ВACTRAP ....................................... 64
2.17 Monitoring of dechlorinating microorganisms ............... 67
2.18 Bioassays ................................................. 70
IV Laboratory methods
2.19 Cyclodextrin extraction ................................... 73
2.20 Contaminant trap .......................................... 76
2.21 Equilibrium sampling ...................................... 79
V Soil water sampling methods
2.22 Suction cups .............................................. 82
2.23 Multilevel samplers ....................................... 85
VI Methods for Data Assimilation
2.24 Data Assimilation and Statistical Analysis ................ 88
Section 3 - Technical Descriptions ............................. 91
I Geophysical Methods
3.1 A geophysical multi-method approach to contaminated
site characterization ..................................... 93
II Minimally Invasive Methods
3.2 Phytoscreening with tree cores ........................... 133
3.3 Introduction to Direct Push technologies ................. 149
3.4 Direct Push tools for geophysical measurements ........... 163
3.5 Direct Push methods for sampling of soil, soil gas and
groundwater .............................................. 175
3.6 Direct Push tools for hydrostratigraphic
characterization ......................................... 187
III Biogeochemical Methods
3.7 Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) for
characterization of biodegradation ....................... 199
3.8 In situ microcosms for demonstrating microbial
contaminant degradation (BACTRAP®) ....................... 219
3.9 Monitoring of dechlorinating bacteria by FISH/CARD-FISH
and real time PCR ........................................ 231
3.10 Bioassays for the assessment of ecotoxicity in
groundwater and soil elutriate samples ................... 245
IV Data Assimilation methods
3.11 Spatial statistics, data comparision and assimilation .... 259
Annexes ....................................................... 275
A General considerations
A.1 Water Sampling in the unsaturated and saturated
zones ................................................. 277
A.2 Flow and transport modelling .......................... 283
B Additional ModelPROBE site information
B.l ModelPROBE site descriptions .......................... 289
Index ......................................................... 297
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