INTRODUCTION ................................................... 11
Chapter 1
HISTORY ........................................................ 15
References ..................................................... 21
Chapter 2
MOTOR CONTROL AND THE ROLE OF CEREBRAL CORTEX .................. 23
References ..................................................... 31
Chapter 3
METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN BRAIN FUNCTIONS AND THE MOTOR
CORTEX. TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION ...................... 33
3.1 Methods ................................................... 33
3.2 Noninvasive stimulation of cerebral cortex ................ 35
3.2.1 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) ............ 35
3.2.2 Motor evoked potential and its assessment in
a single-pulse TMS ................................. 44
3.2.3 Central motor conduction time ...................... 45
3.2.4 Recruitment curve .................................. 47
3.2.5 Silent Period ...................................... 48
3.2.6 Ipsilateral evoked responses in TMS ................ 50
3.2.7 Method of conditioning TMS (paired-pulse
stimulation) ....................................... 51
3.2.8 TMS study of sensorimotor integration .............. 57
3.2.9 Conclusions ........................................ 64
References ..................................................... 65
Chapter 4
IMPAIRED SENSORIMOTOR INTERACTION IN DYSTONIA .................. 77
4.1 Dystonia .................................................. 77
4.2 TMS examination of sensorimotor interaction in dystonia ... 80
References ..................................................... 84
Chapter 5
IMPAIRED SENSORIMOTOR INTERACTION IN PATIENTS WITH
PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY ................ 89
5.1 Parkinson's disease ....................................... 89
5.2 Multiple System Atrophy ................................... 92
5.3 Impaired sensorimotor integration in patients with
Parkinson's disease and Multiple System Atrophy ........... 95
5.4 Effect of Levodopa therapy in patients with Parkinson's
disease .................................................. 102
References .................................................... 106
Chapter 6
TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION IN PATIENTS WITH
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS ................................. 111
6.1 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) ...................... 111
6.2 TMS examination of sensorimotor interaction in ALS ....... 114
References .................................................... 120
Chapter 7
METHOD OF TRIPLE STIMULATION TECHNIQUE ........................ 123
7.1 Triple stimulation technique ............................. 123
7.2 Triple stimulation technique in amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis ................................................ 126
7.3 Corticospinal tract dysfunction in patients with
multiple system atrophy: a study with triple
stimulation technique .................................... 130
References .................................................... 135
Chapter 8
TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION AS A METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT
OF FARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON MOTOR CORTEX EXCITABILITY ........ 137
8.1 Multiple sclerosis ....................................... 137
8.2 Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with
multiple sclerosis ....................................... 140
8.3 Effect of 4-Aminopyridin therapy in patients with
multiple sclerosis ....................................... 141
8.4 Different effects of selective and nonselective
benzodiazepine receptor agonists on the motor cortex
excitability in patients with multiple sclerosis ......... 144
References .................................................... 150
Web sites ..................................................... 156
Abbreviations ................................................. 157
Index ......................................................... 159
Summary in English ............................................ 163
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