Abstract ........................................................ 9
Introduction .................................................... 9
Geological setting ............................................. 12
Regional setting ............................................ 12
Umbria-Marche basin ...................................... 12
Outer Carpathian basins .................................. 14
Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian lithostratigraphy and
lithology ................................................... 14
Umbria-Marche basin ...................................... 14
Outer Carpathian basin ................................... 17
Remarks on Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian stratigraphy ..... 18
Material ....................................................... 20
Umbria-Marche basin ......................................... 20
Outer Carpathian basins ..................................... 20
Barnasiówka-Jasienica (BJ) and Barnasiówka-Ostra Góra
(OG) sections ............................................ 20
Trzemeśnia section (Tr) .................................. 23
Lanckorona section (Lc) .................................. 23
Zasań section (Zas) ...................................... 23
Methods ........................................................ 23
Methods of micropalaeontological analyses ................... 23
Microfacies and micro-laminae analyses ...................... 27
Diversity measure of radiolarians (partly also
foraminifers) ............................................... 27
Carbon isotope record and phosphorus data ................... 28
Results ........................................................ 29
Correlation of the studied sections ......................... 29
Mid-Cenomanian Event ..................................... 29
Middle-Upper Cenomanian Boundary ......................... 31
Bonarelli Level vs OAE2 .................................. 32
Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary ............................. 33
Lower-Middle Turonian Boundary ........................... 33
Chronostratigraphic correlation ............................. 36
Correlation with phosphorus data in the Umbria-Marche
Basin ....................................................... 36
Radiolarian record .......................................... 37
Umbria-Marche basin ...................................... 37
Outer Carpathians - Silesian basin ....................... 47
Outer Carpathians - Subsilesian basin .................... 73
Systematic description ...................................... 76
Order Nassellaria ........................................ 76
Order Spumellaria ....................................... 119
Order Entactinaria ...................................... 148
Qualitative characteristics of the radiolarian
assemblages ................................................ 156
Contributions of Nassellaria, Spumellaria, and
Entactinaria ............................................ 156
General distribution patterns at the family, genus and
species level ........................................... 156
Radiolarian diversity ...................................... 162
Species richness ........................................ 162
Equitability ............................................ 162
Evenness ................................................ 167
Dominance ............................................... 168
Species diversity based on Shannon and Simpson
indices ................................................. 169
Taxon clustering ........................................... 170
Radiolarian frequency bar-charts ........................ 170
Cluster analysis ........................................ 171
Contributions of radiolarian groups in the
Umbria-Marche basin .................................. 173
Contributions of radiolarian groups in the Outer
Carpathian basins .................................... 189
Comparison to the North European Platform (NEP) ...... 192
Correspondence Analysis (CA) ............................ 193
Grouping by relay index ................................. 197
Micro-laminae analysis ..................................... 201
Laminae accumulation rates .............................. 203
Results of micro-laminae analysis ....................... 206
Radiolarian test size variability .......................... 210
Biostratigraphy ............................................ 213
Radiolarian datum events vs diversity ................... 213
Umbria-Marche basin .................................. 213
Outer Carpathian basins .............................. 217
Radiolarian datum events in relation to carbon
isotopic curve .......................................... 218
Radiolarian biostratigraphy ............................. 219
Hemicryptocapsa prepolyhedra Interval Zone ........... 220
Hemicryptocapsa polyhedra Interval Zone .............. 221
Alievium superbum Taxon Range Zone ................... 221
Alievium superbum - Xitus mclaughlini Concurent
Range Subzone ........................................ 222
Correlation with ammonite and foraminiferal zonal
schemes ................................................. 222
Comparison with previous radiolarian biozonations of
the Western Tethys ...................................... 224
Interpretation and discussion ................................. 225
Impact of C-T press extinction event on radiolarian
evolution .................................................. 225
New data on radiolarian first and last occurrences ...... 226
Radiolarian response on C-T press extinction ............ 229
Lazarus effect .......................................... 229
Radiolarian flux and their preservation potential .......... 232
Dissolution of radiolarians ............................. 232
Role of fecal pellets in particles transport ............ 233
Radiolarian skeleton versus fecal pellets and marine
snow particles .......................................... 235
Contribution of grazers and OMZ to radiolarian flux ..... 236
Distribution of radiolaria and other plankton
constituents in relation to nutrients availability ......... 236
Role of phosphorus and nitrogen sequestration in
changes of plankton communities ......................... 237
Radiolarians vs primary producers and nutrient
availability ............................................ 241
Radiolarian proliferation vs silicic acid
concentration ........................................... 243
Role of the mesopelagic zone in nutrient cycle .......... 243
Environmental changes around the OAE2 and their influence
on radiolarian assemblages ................................. 245
Background conditions for radiolarian changes
(interval up to 330 ka before the Bonarelli Event) ...... 245
Ecozone I (330-150 ka before the BL) .................... 246
Ecozone II (from 150 ka up to onset of the BL) .......... 247
Ecozone III (Bonarelli Interval) ........................ 250
Ecozone IV (above BL until 940 ka beyond) ............... 253
Interpretation of life habitats of Cretaceous
radiolarians ............................................... 254
Radiolarian feeding strategies .......................... 255
Radiolarian interspecific size variability .............. 255
Radiolarian ecological preferences ...................... 256
Conclusions ................................................... 260
Acknowledgements .............................................. 262
References .................................................... 262
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