Arecchi A.V. Field guide to illumination / A.V.Arecchi, T.Messadi, R.J.Koshel. - Bellingham: SPIE Press, 2007. - xiv, 137 p.: ill. (some col.), ports. - (SPIE field guides; FG11). - ISBN 978-0-8194-6768-3  Место хранения:   084 | Конструкторско-технологический институт научного приборостроения CO РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Glossary ....................................................... ix Basic Quantities in Illumination ................................ 1 Flux and Irradiance .......................................... 1 Solid Angle .................................................. 2 Intensity, Radiance, Projected Solid Angle ................... 3 Solid Angle and Projected Solid Angle ........................ 4 Spectroradiometric and Radiometrie Quantities ................ 5 Photometrie Quantities ....................................... 6 Matrix of Basic Quantities ................................... 7 Photopic and Scotopic Vision ................................. 8 Luminous Efficacy ............................................ 9 Typical Values of Illumination Quantities ................... 10 Averaged LED Intensity ...................................... 11 Color .......................................................... 12 Light Source Color .......................................... 12 Chromaticity Diagram ........................................ 13 Color Temperature and СCT ................................... 14 Dominant Wavelength and Purity .............................. 15 Surface Color ............................................... 16 Color of Fluorescent Surfaces ............................... 17 Color Rendering and CRI ..................................... 18 Calculating CRI and Problems with CRI ....................... 19 Sources for Illumination ....................................... 20 Typical Source Parameters ................................... 20 Tungsten Lamps .............................................. 21 Tungsten and Sunlight ....................................... 22 Fluorescent Lamps ........................................... 23 H.P. Sodium and Metal Halide ................................ 24 Xenon and White LED ......................................... 25 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) ................................ 26 Illumination Properties of Materials ........................... 27 Transmittance, Reflectance, and Absorptance ................. 27 Reflectance Factor and BRDF ................................. 28 Harvey / ABg Scatter Model .................................. 29 Directional Properties of Materials ......................... 30 Retroreflectors—Geometry .................................... 31 Retroreflectors—Radiometry .................................. 32 Illumination Transfer .......................................... 33 Lambertian and Isotropie Models ............................. 33 Known Intensity ............................................. 34 Known Flux and Known Radiance ............................... 35 Form Factor and Average Projected Solid Angle ............... 36 Configuration Factor ........................................ 37 Useful Configuration Factor ................................. 38 Useful Form Factor .......................................... 39 Irradiance from a Uniform Lambertian Disk ................... 40 Cosine Fourth and Increase Factor ........................... 41 Known Irradiance ............................................ 42 ω, Ω, NA, and ƒ/# for a Circular Cone ....................... 43 Invariance of Radiance ...................................... 44 Illumination in Imaging Systems ................................ 45 Image Radiance .............................................. 45 Limitations on Equivalent Radiance .......................... 46 Image Irradiance ............................................ 47 ƒ/#, Working ƒ/#, T/#, NA, Ω ................................ 48 Flux and Étendue ............................................ 49 Illumination in Nonimaging Systems ............................. 50 Generalized Étendue ......................................... 50 Concentration ............................................... 51 Skew Invariant .............................................. 52 Fibers, Lightpipes, and Lightguides ............................ 53 Fibers - Basic Description .................................. 53 Numerical Aperture and Étendue .............................. 54 Fiber Bundles ............................................... 55 Tapered Fibers and Bundles .................................. 56 Classical Illumination Designs ................................. 57 Spherical Reflector ......................................... 57 Abbe Illumination ........................................... 58 Köhler Illumination ......................................... 59 Ellipsoidal and Paraboloidal Mirrors ........................ 60 Spectral Control and Heat Management ........................ 61 Illumination in Visual Afocal Systems ....................... 62 Uniform Illumination ........................................... 63 Searchlight ................................................. 63 Source at a Distance ........................................ 64 Mixing Rod .................................................. 65 Bent Lightpipes ............................................. 66 Integrating Sphere .......................................... 67 Lenslet Arrays .............................................. 68 Small Reflectors, Lenslet Arrays, and Facets ................ 69 Source Models .................................................. 70 Source Modeling Overview .................................... 70 Source Modeling Methods ..................................... 71 LED Modeling ................................................ 72 Incandescent Lamp Modeling .................................. 73 Arc and Fluorescent Lamp Modeling ........................... 74 Nonimaging Compound Concentrators .............................. 75 Nonimaging Compound Concentrators ........................... 75 Concentrators as Luminaires ................................. 76 Compound Parabolic Concentrators ............................ 77 Compound Elliptical and Hyperbolic Concentrators ............ 78 Tailored-Edge-Ray Design .................................... 79 Faceted Reflector Design .................................... 80 Advanced Nonimaging Optic Design ............................ 81 Displays ....................................................... 82 Displays - Overview ......................................... 82 Backlit Display Components .................................. 83 Backlit Display: Source and Injector ........................ 84 Backlit Display: Lightguides, Features, Reflectors .......... 85 Backlit Display: Polarizers, LC, and BEF .................... 86 Projection Displays ......................................... 87 Characterizing Illumination Systems ............................ 88 Mapping Flat-Fielding Sources ............................... 88 Goniophotometers ............................................ 89 Types А, В, С Goniometer Coordinate Systems ................. 90 "Snapshot" Goniophotometers ................................. 91 Software Modeling .............................................. 92 Software Modeling Discussion ................................ 92 Architectural Illumination ..................................... 93 Role of Light in Architecture ............................... 93 Light and Visual Performance ................................... 94 Eye Adaptation and Visual Fields ............................ 94 Apparent Brightness ......................................... 95 Lighting Design ................................................ 96 Lighting Design - Layering of Light ......................... 96 Luminaire for Open-Plan Office ................................. 97 Photometric Report and VCP .................................. 97 Spacing Criteria and Coefficient of Utilization ............. 98 Daylight Compensation .......................................... 99 Daylight Factor ............................................. 99 Daylight Strategies ........................................ 100 Exterior Lighting ............................................. 101 Nighttime Visibility Criteria .............................. 101 Recommended Illuminance for Fa ades ........................ 102 Fa ade Floodlighting for Uniform Illumination .............. 103 Illumination of Outdoor Areas .............................. 104 Special Considerations for Outdoor Fixtures ................ 105 Parking ....................................................... 106 Outdoor Luminaire - Transverse Light Distribution .......... 106 Outdoor Luminaire - Lateral Light Distribution ............. 107 Roadway Lighting .............................................. 108 Criteria for Roadway Lighting .............................. 108 Small Target Visibility .................................... 109 Recommended Roadway Luminaires ............................. 110 Recommended Lamps for Roadway Luminaires ................... 111 Appendix ...................................................... 112 Equation Summary ........................................... 112 CIE Illuminants A and D65 .................................. 119 X,Y,Z,V(λ),and V'(λ) ....................................... 122 Archaic and Arcane Units of Illumination ................... 125 Bibliography .................................................. 127 Index ......................................................... 133