Part I
Introductory Remarks, Bibliography and Abbreviations ........... xi
Introductory Remarks ......................................... xiii
Bibliography and Abbreviations .............................. xxiii
Part II
Dignaga's Root Text: PSV ad PS III, k. 1-2 ...................... 1
Dignaga's Root Text: PSV ad PS III, k. 1-2 ...................... 3
PS III, k. 1-2 ............................................... 3
PSV ad PS III, k. 1-2 ........................................ 3
Part III
PVIV, k. 1-148 ad PS III, k. 1-2.
Text, Translation, Explanatory Notes ............................ 7
1 On the nature of parārthānumāna: PV IV, k. 1-27 ad
PS III, к. 1 ................................................. 9
1.1 svadṛṣṭa: refuting a Sāṃkhya view of parārthānumāna ...... 9
1.2 The word artha in Dignāga's phrase svadṛṣṭārtha ......... 24
1.3 On PS III, k. led: The thesis-statement is not
a means of proof (sādhana) ............................. 25
1.3.1 The thesis-statement only shows the goal of
the reason (hetvartha) .......................... 30
1.3.2 The fact that the thesis-statement shows the
goal of the reason does not mean that it is
also a sādhana .................................. 33
1.4 Against the Naiyāyika position on the
thesis-statement ....................................... 37
1.4.1 A reinterpretation of the fallacy of
incompleteness (nyūnatā) ........................ 37
1.4.2 Critique of the Naiyāyika definition of
a thesis ........................................ 38
1.4.3 Critique of other Buddhists' attempts at
refuting the Naiyāyikas ......................... 41
2 The first half of the definition of the thesis: PV IV,
k. 28-90 ad PS III, k. 2ab .................................. 47
2.1 The purpose of the definition and the four
characteristics of the thesis .......................... 47
2.2 iṣṭa (intended): some general considerations ........... 50
2.2.1 Does the word iṣṭa make the word svayam
(himself) redundant? ............................. 50
2.2.2 If the sādhya is just what is intended (iṣṭa),
will Dignaga's fourfold classification of
contradictory reasons become impossible? ........ 52
2.3 iṣṭa: critique of the Samkhya's proof of the
uncomposed ātman ....................................... 54
2.3.1 Vasubandhu's analysis of the proof of the
actually intended thesis ........................ 54
2.3.2 Absurd consequences of the thesis being just
what the Sāṃkhya explicitly said, rather than
what he intended ................................ 56
2.4 iṣṭa: refutation of the Cārvāka's reasoning
concerning "having a companion" (sadvitīyaprayoga) ..... 57
2.5 svayam: scripture and reason ........................... 68
2.5.1 Summary of Dharmakīrti's position ............... 68
2.5.2 If everything accepted in a treatise is also
what is being proved (sādhya), there would be
the absurd consequence that valid logical
reasons would become contradictory reasons
(viruddhahetu) .................................. 70
2.5.3 The general role of treatises and scripture in
logical argumentation ........................... 78
2.5.4 Does engaging in logical debate presuppose
that one holds the tenets found in the
treatise of some philosophical school? .......... 83
2.5.5 viruddhahetu again .............................. 86
2.5.6 Does the proponent commit a fault in merely
stating something leading to a contradiction
with the treatise he accepts? ................... 89
2.5.7 A false parallel with antinomic reasons
(viruddhāvyabhicārin) ........................... 92
2.5.8 Properties having a necessary connection
(sambandha) with the sādhya should not be
negated by a valid logical reason, but all
others can be negated with impunity ............. 96
2.5.9 Against some co-religionists' positions on the
role of treatises in logical argumentation ..... 100
2.6 svayam: refuting rival Buddhist exegeses of PS III,
k. 2b ................................................. 103
2.6.1 A co-religionist's view: properties mentioned
in the treatise are being proved; svayam
guarantees that the treatise is the one which
the proponent accepts now ...................... 103
2.6.2 Dharmakīrti's own position ..................... 106
2.6.3 Refuting another Buddhist view, viz., that
svayam ensures that the subject is commonly
recognized (prasiddha) ......................... 107
2.6.4 Against the view that svayam is to ensure
that the subject is not something to be
proved (sādhya) ................................ 109
2.6.5 Continuation of the argument: the function of
the thesis-definition and a comparison of the
Pramāṇasamuccaya's and Nyāyamukha's
definitions .................................... 115
2.6.6 Résumé ......................................... 121
3 The second half of the definition of the thesis:
PV IV, k. 91-148 ad PS III, k. 2cd ......................... 125
3.1 anirākṛta: the thesis is unopposed by any means of
valid cognition (pramāṇa) ............................. 125
3.2 The thesis is unopposed by authorities (āpta) ......... 129
3.2.1 Why Dignaga treated both treatises and one's
own personal speech together under the
category of authorities (āpta) ................. 129
3.2.2 pratibandhaka versus bādhaka ................... 138
3.2.3 The reason why āpta was specified separately
from inference ................................. 143
3.2.4 Other similarities between one's own words
and treatises .................................. 147
3.3 The thesis is unopposed by what is commonly
recognized (prasiddha) ................................ 153
3.3.1 The unrestricted fitness of words (yogyatā)
to designate whatever speakers intend them to
designate ...................................... 162
3.3.2 Fitness taken objectively (vastutas) ........... 165
3.3.3 The first interpretation of asādhāraṇatva in
PSV: any reasoning the realist might make to
restrict the fitness of words will incur the
fault of being over-exclusive .................. 167
3.3.4 More on the interpretation of the term
śābdaprasiddha in PSV: avoidance of antinomic
reasons (viruddhāvyabhicāra) ................... 170
3.3.5 A second interpretation of asādhāraṇatva in
PSV: any inference which the Buddhist might
make to prove to the realist that words are
used in such and such a way will be over-
exclusive ...................................... 172
3.3.6 Against a rival Buddhist interpretation of
asādhāraṇatva .................................. 176
3.3.7 Conventional acknowledgment (pratīti) is
a type of inference and establishes
unrestricted use of words ...................... 185
3.3.8 Why this inference received a separate
treatment in PS III, k.2cd ..................... 186
3.4 The thesis is unopposed by perceptible objects
(pratyakṣārtha) ....................................... 189
3.4.1 The word artha in pratyakṣārtha ................ 189
3.4.2 The choice of the word "audible" (śrāvaṇa) in
PSV Ill's example .............................. 191
3.5 The specification svadharmiṇi in PS III's definition
of the thesis ......................................... 194
3.5.1 The thesis is invalidated when the
proponent's intended subject fails to exist .... 198
3.5.2 svadharmin versus kevaladharmin ................ 201
3.5.3 A thesis showing that the Vaiśeṣika's version
of space is nonexistent only proves
nonexistence of a kevaladharmin, and hence
does not incur self-refutation ................. 202
3.5.4 A parallel case to that of the Vaiśeṣika
argument occurs when, refuting the Sāṃkhya's
notion of sukhādi .............................. 205
3.5.5 Conclusions and summary ........................ 209
Part IV
Appendices .................................................... 211
A An Extract from Jinendrabuddhi's Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā
commenting on PSV's words śābdaprasiddha and
asādhāraṇatvād anumānābhāve ................................ 213
A.l English Translation ................................... 213
А.2 Tibetan Text of the Extract from the
Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā (PSṬ P.163a2-164a4;D.
142a5-143a5) .......................................... 216
В Dharmakīrti on prasiddha and yogyatā ....................... 219
С Corrections to Y. Miyasaka's edition of the Tibetan text
of Pramāṇavārttika IV, k. 1-148 ............................ 229
Part V
Indices ....................................................... 233
Sanskrit terms ................................................ 235
Tibetan terms ................................................. 245
Index locorum ................................................. 248
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