Foreword ....................................................... xi
Acknowledgments .............................................. xvii
About the Authors ............................................. xix
Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................. xxiiii
Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................... 1
Bibliography .................................................... 5
Chapter 2 Toxic Chemical Composition Reporting ................. 7
Introduction .................................................... 7
California: Proposition 65 ...................................... 8
Basis for Program ............................................. 8
Program Requirements .......................................... 9
Role of Stakeholders .......................................... 9
Financial Impacts ............................................. 9
Effectiveness of Program ..................................... 10
European Union's Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and
Restriction of Chemicals Program ............................... 11
Basis for Program ............................................ 11
Program Requirements ......................................... 11
Registration ............................................... 11
Toxics Release Inventory ....................................... 12
Bibliography ................................................... 12
Chapter 3 Toxic Chemical Release Reporting .................... 15
Introduction ................................................... 15
Basis for Program .............................................. 15
Program Requirements ........................................... 16
Refinements to TRI ............................................. 18
Role of Stakeholders ........................................... 19
Financial Impacts .............................................. 20
Limitations of TRI Program ..................................... 20
Bibliography ................................................... 34
Chapter 4 TRI Programs in Other Countries ..................... 35
Introduction ................................................... 35
Canadian National Pollutant Release Inventory Program .......... 37
Australian National Pollutant Inventory ........................ 37
European Union ................................................. 44
European Pollutant Emission Register ......................... 47
European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register ............. 47
Japan .......................................................... 48
Accessing PRTR Data ............................................ 51
North American Data .......................................... 51
European Data from E-PRTR .................................... 52
International PRTR Data from OECD ............................ 52
Bibliography ................................................... 53
Chapter 5 TRI Program Impacts on Reducing Toxic Chemical
Releases ............................................ 55
Introduction ................................................... 55
TRI Success Stories ............................................ 58
Bibliography ................................................... 58
Chapter 6 Quantifying Toxicity ................................ 59
Introduction ................................................... 59
Ingestion Carcinogenicity ...................................... 60
Inhalation Carcinogenicity ..................................... 60
Ingestion Noncarcinogenic Toxicity ............................. 60
Inhalation Noncarcinogenic Toxicity ............................ 61
Development of a Single Toxicity Factor ........................ 61
Ingestion Carcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development ........... 62
Inhalation Carcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development .......... 62
Ingestion Noncarcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development ........ 63
Inhalation Noncarcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development ....... 63
Single Combined Relative Toxicity Factor Development ......... 64
Bibliography ................................................... 89
Chapter 7 Quantifying Mobility ................................ 91
Introduction ................................................... 91
Air Mobility Factor ............................................ 91
Water Mobility Factor .......................................... 92
Combined Mobility Factor ....................................... 92
Bibliography .................................................. 103
Chapter 8 Quantifying Persistence ............................ 105
Introduction .................................................. 105
Persistence Factor ............................................ 105
Bibliography .................................................. 118
Chapter 9 Quantifying Biodoncentration ....................... 119
Introduction .................................................. 119
Bioconcentration Adjustment Factor............................. 119
Bibliography .................................................. 135
Chapter 10 Developing Effective Toxicity Factors .............. 137
Introduction .................................................. 137
Effective Toxicity Factor ..................................... 138
Toxicity Impact ............................................... 138
Chapter 11 Focusing on Impact Chemicals ....................... 171
Introduction .................................................. 171
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 33/50 Program ............ 171
Basis for Program ........................................... 172
Program Requirements ........................................ 172
Role of Stakeholders ........................................ 173
Financial Impacts ........................................... 173
Effectiveness of Program .................................... 173
Washington Department of Ecology Persistent, Bioaccumulative
Toxins Program and Other Targeted (Mercury) Chemicals
Programs ...................................................... 176
Basis for the Mercury Reduction Program ..................... 177
Program Requirements ........................................ 177
Role of Stakeholders ........................................ 179
Financial Impacts ........................................... 179
Effectiveness of Program .................................... 179
Registration, Evaluation Authorization, and Restriction of
Chemicals Program of the European Union ....................... 180
Basis for Program ........................................... 180
Program Requirements ........................................ 180
Evaluation ................................................ 180
Authorization ............................................. 181
PBT Substances .............................................. 187
Very Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Substances ...... 187
Restriction ................................................. 187
Bibliography .................................................. 189
Chapter 12 Use versus Release Reporting ....................... 191
Introduction .................................................. 191
Comparison of Use and Releases ................................ 191
Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act ........................ 192
Reporting Requirements ........................................ 192
Maine Toxics and Hazardous Waste Reduction Program ............ 193
Reporting Requirements ...................................... 193
New Jersey Pollution Prevention Program ....................... 193
Bibliography .................................................. 195
Chapter 13 Pollution Prevention Planning ...................... 197
Introduction .................................................. 197
Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act ........................ 197
Maine Toxics and Hazardous Waste Reduction Program ............ 198
Washington State Department of Ecology Pollution Prevention
Program ....................................................... 199
New Jersey Pollution Prevention Program ....................... 202
Lessons Learned by New Jersey Companies ..................... 205
California: Hazardous Waste Source Reduction and Management
Review Act of 1989 (Senate Bill 14) ........................... 207
Texas ......................................................... 207
Minnesota ..................................................... 208
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality ................... 209
Voluntary Technical Assistance Programs ....................... 211
Bibliography .................................................. 211
Chapter 14 Technical Assistance ............................... 215
Introduction .................................................. 215
Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act ........................ 215
Maine Toxics and Hazardous Waste Reduction Program ............ 215
Technical Resources for Engineering Efficiency Program ........ 216
Basis for Program ........................................... 216
Program Requirements ........................................ 216
Role of Stakeholders ........................................ 217
Financial Impacts ........................................... 217
Effectiveness of Program .................................... 218
Lean and the Environment Program (Washington State) ........... 218
Basis for Program ........................................... 219
Program Requirements ........................................ 219
Role of Stakeholders ........................................ 220
Financial Impacts ........................................... 221
Effectiveness of Program .................................... 221
Company Examples ............................................ 222
New Jersey Technical Assistance Program ....................... 222
Basis for Program ........................................... 222
Program Requirements ........................................ 222
Role of Stakeholders ........................................ 224
Financial Impacts ........................................... 224
Effectiveness of Program .................................... 225
California Technical Assistance Program ....................... 225
Bibliography .................................................. 226
Chapter 15 Market-Based Approaches to Environmental
Protection ......................................... 229
Introduction .................................................. 229
Command without Control ....................................... 229
Cap and Trade ................................................. 231
Pollution Taxes or Fees ....................................... 232
Bibliography .................................................. 233
Chapter 16 A Program to Reduce Toxic Chemical Use ............. 235
Introduction .................................................. 235
Target Impact Chemicals ....................................... 238
Chemical Composition Reporting ................................ 238
Chemical Toxicity Rating ...................................... 240
Chemical Use Reporting ........................................ 255
Public Disclosure ............................................. 255
Toxic Chemical Use Fee ........................................ 256
Incentives .................................................... 271
Chemical Use Reduction Planning ............................... 271
Technical Assistance .......................................... 272
Bibliography .................................................. 273
Chapter 17 Costs and Benefits ................................. 275
Introduction .................................................. 275
Costs of the Program .......................................... 275
Toxic Chemical Use Fees ....................................... 277
Health Benefits of a Successful Toxic Chemical Usage
Reduction Program ............................................. 277
Environmental Impacts ......................................... 281
Direct Benefits to Businesses ................................. 282
Human Capacity Building ....................................... 283
Technology Transfer and Productivity Enhancement .............. 284
Positive Publicity and Associated Increased Revenue ........... 285
Reduced Regulatory Burden ..................................... 285
Other Benefits ................................................ 286
Bibliography .................................................. 287
Appendix A: Chemicals List with CAS Numbers ................... 289
Appendix B: CAS Numbers with Chemical Names ................... 303
Index ......................................................... 317
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