Preface ...................................................... xiii
1 Carbon Nanotubes: An Introduction ............................ 1
V. Mittal
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Properties .............................................. 4
1.3 Synthesis ............................................... 8
References .................................................. 12
2 Overview of Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites ................. 15
V. Mittal
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 15
2.2 Methods of Nanotube Nanocomposites Synthesis ........... 18
2.2.1 Solution Mixing ................................. 18
2.2.2 In-Situ Polymerization .......................... 20
2.2.3 Melt Mixing ..................................... 22
2.3 Properties of Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites .......... 25
2.3.1 Mechanical Properties ........................... 25
2.3.2 Thermal and Electrical Properties ............... 34
References .................................................. 42
3 New Microscopy Techniques for a Better Understanding
of the Polymer/Nanotube Composite Properties ................ 45
K. Masenelli-Varlot, A. Bogner, C. Gauthier, L. Chazeau
and J.Y. Cavaillé
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 46
3.2 Near Field Microscopy .................................. 47
3.2.1 Principles of STM and AFM ....................... 48
3.2.2 Near Field Microscopy for Nanotubes ............. 50
3.2.3 AFM and CNT Composites .......................... 50
3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy ....................... 52
3.3.1 Principles ...................................... 52
3.3.2 Characterisation of Carbon Nanotubes ............ 56
3.3.3 Characterisation of Polymer/Nanotube
Composites ...................................... 58
3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy ........................... 67
3.4.1 Overview of the Technique (SEI, BEI, CCD ........ 67
3.4.2 Application to the Study of Nanotubes ........... 68
3.4.3 For Polymer CNT/Nanocomposites .................. 69
3.4.4 Development of New Imaging Modes ................ 72
3.5 Conclusions ............................................ 75
References .................................................. 77
4 Polymer Nanocomposites with Clay and Carbon Nanotubes ....... 83
Qiang Fu, Changyu Tang, Hua Deng and Qin Zhang
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 83
4.2 Electrical Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay
and CNTs ............................................... 86
4.3 Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay
and CNTs ............................................... 89
4.4 Thermal and Flame Properties of Polymer Composites
with Clay and CNTs .................................... 100
4.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook ......................... 106
Acknowledgement ............................................ 108
References ................................................. 109
5 Polyethylene Nanotube Nanocomposites ....................... 113
S. Kanagaraj
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 113
5.2 Surface Modification of Carbon Nanotubes .............. 115
5.3 Dispersion of Nanotubes in Polyethylene Matrix ........ 117
5.4 Method of Preparation of CNT-PE Composites ............ 119
5.5 Interfacial Bonding and Load Transfer ................. 123
5.6 Material Characterization ............................. 126
5.7 Conclusions ........................................... 135
Acknowledgement ............................................ 136
References ................................................. 136
6 Properties of Polyurethane/Carbon Nanotube
Nanocomposites ............................................. 141
Tianxi Liu and Shuzhong Guo
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 141
6.2 Preparation of CNT-Based Polyurethane
Nanocomposites ........................................ 144
6.2.1 Melt-Mixing .................................... 144
6.2.2 Solution Casting ............................... 145
6.2.3 In-Situ Polymerization ......................... 146
6.2.4 Sol-Gel Approach ............................... 147
6.3 Functionalization, Dispersion Morphology and Micro-/
Nano-structures ....................................... 148
6.4 Physical Properties ................................... 151
6.4.1 Mechanical Properties .......................... 151
6.4.2 Thermal Conductivity ........................... 154
6.4.3 Thermal Stability and Degradation .............. 155
6.4.4 Fire Retardancy ................................ 156
6.4.5 Rheological Properties ......................... 157
6.4.6 Electrical Conductivity ........................ 158
6.4.7 Water Vapor Transport Properties ............... 161
6.4.8 Shape Memory ................................... 162
6.4.9 Special Properties Related to Bio-
Applications ................................... 165
6.4.10 Microwave Absorption ........................... 166
6.4.11 UV-Protection .................................. 167
6.5 Applications .......................................... 168
6.6 Conclusions ........................................... 170
Acknowledgements ........................................... 171
References ................................................. 171
7 Properties of PMMA/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites ......... 177
R.B. Mathur, Shailaja Pande and B.P. Singh
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 177
7.2 Fabrication/Processing of CNT-PMMA Composites ......... 179
7.2.1 Solution Processing ............................ 181
7.2.2 Melt-Processing ................................ 183
7.2.3 In-Situ Polymerization Processing .............. 185
7.2.4 Coagulation Method ............................. 186
7.2.5 Surfactant, Compatibilizers and Co-Solvent
Assisted CNT-PMMA Composites ................... 188
7.2.6 Chemical Modification of CNTs for Processing
of Nanocomposites .............................. 189
7.3 Mechanical Properties of CNT-PMMA Composites .......... 190
7.4 Electrical Properties of CNT-PMMA Composites .......... 198
7.4.1 Electrical Conductivity ........................ 198
7.4.2 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding ... 200
7.5 Thermal Properties .................................... 204
7.6 Conclusion ............................................ 216
References ................................................. 216
8 Synthesis of Vinyl Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
Prepared by Suspension Polymerization and Their
Properties ................................................. 221
P. Slobodian
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 221
8.2 Free Radical Polymerization ........................... 223
8.3 Suspension and Bulk Polymerization Techniques ......... 225
8.4 In-situ Radical Polymerization in Presence of CNT ..... 228
8.4.1 Polymer Matrix ................................. 228
8.4.2 Addition of Radicals onto CNT .................. 229
8.4.3 CNT Degradation ................................ 232
8.4.4 Additional Analyses ............................ 233
8.5 Polymer/CNT Composite Microspheres .................... 235
8.5.1 CNT Material Adsorbed onto Polymer
Microspheres .................................... 239
8.6 Electrorheology of Polymer/CNT Nanocomposites
Prepared by in-situ Suspension Polymerization ......... 243
References ................................................. 246
9 Polylactide-Based Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites ........... 249
Srikanth Pilla, Shaoqin Gong and Lih-Sheng Turng
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 249
9.2 Synthesis of PLA ...................................... 252
9.3 Carbon Nanotubes ...................................... 254
9.4 Preparation of PLA-CNT Nanocomposites ................. 255
9.5 Viscoelastic Properties ............................... 264
9.6 Thermal Properties .................................... 268
9.7 Mechanical Properties ................................. 269
9.8 Thermal Degradation Properties ........................ 272
9.9 Electrical Conductivity Properties .................... 273
9.10 Biodegradability ...................................... 274
9.11 Applications .......................................... 275
9.12 Conclusions ........................................... 275
Acknowledgements ........................................... 276
Note ....................................................... 276
References ................................................. 276
10 Synthesis and Properties of PEEK/Carbon Nanotube
Nanocomposites ............................................. 281
A.M. Díez-Pascual, J.M. González-Domínguez,
Y. Martínez-Rubi, M. Naffakh, A. Ansón, M.T. Martínez,
B. Simard and M.A. Gómez
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 281
10.2 Poly(ether ether ketone)s: Structure, Synthesis
and Properties ........................................ 283
10.3 Synthesis, Purification and Characterization
of the SWCNTs ......................................... 285
10.3.1 Synthesis of Laser-Grown SWCNTs ................ 285
10.3.2 Synthesis and Purification of Arc-Grown
SWCNTs ......................................... 285
10.3.3 Characterization of the Single-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes ...................................... 287
10.4 Integration of the Carbon Nanotubes in the PEEK
Matrix ................................................ 290
10.4.1 Covalent Grafting in Carbon Nanotube/PEEK
Nanocomposites ................................. 291
10.4.2 Wrapping of the SWCNTs in Compatibilizing
Agents ......................................... 292
10.4.3 Pre-Mixing Stage and Melt Blending Approach .... 294
10.5 Characterization of PEEK/Carbon Nanotube
Nanocomposites ........................................ 295
10.5.1 Morphology ..................................... 295
10.5.2 Thermogravimetric Study ........................ 297
10.5.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry .............. 298
10.5.4 X-ray Diffraction Analysis ..................... 303
10.5.5 Mechanical Properties .......................... 304
10.5.6 Electrical and Thermal Conductivity ............ 307
10.6 Concluding Remarks .................................... 309
Acknowledgements ........................................... 310
Glossary of Abbreviations .................................. 310
References ................................................. 311
11 Synthesis and Properties of PVA/Carbon Nanotube
Nanocomposites ............................................. 315
C. Mercader, P. Poulin and C. Zakri
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 315
11.1.1 Mechanical and Electrical Properties of
Carbon Nanotubes ............................... 316
11.1.2 Why Use Nanotubes in Nanocomposites? ........... 317
11.1.3 Poly(vinyl) Alcohol ............................ 319
11.2 Synthesis Methods and Structural Properties of
Nanotubes/PVA Composites .............................. 320
11.2.1 Films .......................................... 320
11.2.2 Fibers ......................................... 324
11.3 Mechanical Properties of the Composites ............... 327
11.3.1 Reinforcement .................................. 328
11.3.2 Stress Transfer Efficiency ..................... 331
11.4 Electrical Properties ................................. 333
11.5 Other Original Properties of PYA/Nanotube
Composites ............................................ 335
11.5.1 Energy Absorption .............................. 335
11.5.2 Shape Memory Effect ............................ 337
11.6 Conclusion ............................................ 339
References ................................................. 340
12 Elastomers Filled with Carbon Nanotubes .................... 345
Liliane Bokobza
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 345
12.2 Composite Processing .................................. 347
12.3 Electrical Properties ................................. 350
12.4 Mechanical Properties ................................. 355
12.4.1 Tensile and Swelling Behaviors ................. 355
12.4.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) ........ 361
12.5 Spectroscopic Characterization ........................ 364
12.6 Thermal Stability ..................................... 367
12.7 Conclusions ........................................... 369
References ................................................. 369
13 Specific Interactions Induced Controlled Dispersion
of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes in Co-Continuous Polymer
Blends ..................................................... 373
Suryasarathi Bose, Arup R. Bhattacharyya, Rupesh A. Khare
and Ajit R. Kulkarni
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 373
13.2 Experimental .......................................... 376
13.2.1 Materials ...................................... 376
13.2.2 Preparation of the Modifiers ................... 376
13.2.3 Melt Blending .................................. 377
13.2.4 Characterization ............................... 378
13.3 Results and Discussion ............................... 379
13.3.1 Specific Interactions: Spectroscopic and
Microscopic Evidences .......................... 379
13.3.2 AC Electrical Conductivity Measurements:
Assessing the State of Dispersion of MWNTs ..... 381
13.3.3 Phase Morphology and Selective Localization
of MWNTs in the Blends ......................... 383
13.3.4 Melt-Interfacial Interactions .................. 386
13.4 Summary ............................................... 387
Acknowledgements ........................................... 388
References ................................................. 388
14 Effect of Structure and Morphology on the Tensile
Properties of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites ....... 391
Jingjing Qiu and Shiren Wang
14.1 Background ............................................ 391
14.2 Structure and Morphology Characterization ............. 392
14.2.1 Structure and Mechanical Properties of CNTs .... 392
14.2.2 Characterization of CNTs/Polymer Composites .... 395
14.2.3 Structure and Tensile Properties of CNTs/
Polymer Composites ............................. 396
14.3 Concluding Remarks .................................... 417
References ................................................. 418
15 Polymer Nanotube Composites: Promises and Current
Challenges ................................................. 423
Amal M.K. Esawi and Mahmoud M. Farag
15.1 Carbon Nanotubes ...................................... 424
15.1.1 Background ..................................... 424
15.1.2 Synthesis of CNTs .............................. 425
15.1.3 Fabrication of CNT Polymer Composites .......... 426
15.1.4 Electrical Properties of CNT Polymer
Composites ..................................... 429
15.1.5 Mechanical Properties of CNT Polymer
Composites ..................................... 432
15.2 Case Studies .......................................... 435
15.2.1 Case Study: CNT-Based Strain Sensor ............ 435
15.2.2 Case Study: Technical and Economic
Feasibility of Using CNT-Based Composites
in Aerospace Applications ...................... 440
15.3 Conclusions ........................................... 445
References ................................................. 446
Index ......................................................... 449
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