Pohl W.L. Economic geology: principles and practic: metals, minerals, coal and hydrocarbons - introduction to formation and sustainable exploitation of mineral deposits. - Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. - xii, 663 p., [32] p. of col. plates: ill., maps. - Ref.: p. 585-653. - Ind.: p.655-663. - ISBN 978-1-44433663-4  Место хранения:   06 | Якутский научный центр СО РАН | Якутск | Центральная научная библиотека Якутского научного центра СО РАН

Оглавление / Contents

Preface ...................................................... xiii Introduction .................................................... 1 What are ore deposits? .......................................... 1 Mining in the stress field between society and environment ...... 2 The mineral resources conundrum ................................. 4 Part I Metalliferous Ore Deposits .............................. 5 1 Geological ore formation process systems (metallogenesis) .... 7 Synopsis ..................................................... 7 1.1 Magmatic Ore Formation Systems .......................... 8 1.2 Supergene Ore Formation Systems ........................ 76 1.3 Sedimentary Ore Formation Systems ...................... 92 1.4 Diagenetic Ore Formation Systems ...................... 110 1.5 Metamorphic and Metamorphosed Ore Deposits ............ 121 1.6 Metamorphogenic Ore Formation Systems ................. 125 1.7 Metallogeny - Ore Deposit Formation in Space and Time .................................................. 132 1.8 Genetic Classification of Ore and Mineral Deposits .... 139 1.9 Summary and Further Reading ........................... 146 2 Economic geology of metals ................................. 149 Synopsis ................................................... 149 2.1 The Iron and Steel Metals ............................. 149 2.2 Base Metals ........................................... 185 2.3 Precious Metals ....................................... 207 2.4 Light Metals .......................................... 233 2.5 Minor and Speciality Metals ........................... 239 2.6 Summary and Further Reading ........................... 283 Part II Non-Metallic Minerals and Rocks ....................... 285 3 Industrial minerals, earths and rocks ...................... 287 Synopsis ................................................... 287 3.1 Andalusite, Kyanite and Sillimanite ................... 288 3.2 Asbestos .............................................. 291 3.3 Barite and Celestite .................................. 293 3.4 Bentonite (Smectite Rocks) ............................ 299 3.5 Boron ................................................. 302 3.6 Carbonate Rocks: Limestone, Calcite Marble, Marlstone, Dolomite ................................... 305 3.7 Clay and Clay Rocks ................................... 308 3.8 Diamond ............................................... 310 3.9 Diatomite and Tripoli ................................. 317 3.10 Feldspar .............................................. 319 3.11 Fluorite .............................................. 320 3.12 Graphite .............................................. 325 3.13 Gypsum and Anhydrite .................................. 327 3.14 Kaolin ................................................ 330 3.15 Magnesite ............................................. 333 3.16 Mica (Muscovite, Phlogopite, Vermiculite) ............. 339 3.17 Olivine ............................................... 342 3.18 Phosphates ............................................ 342 3.19 Quartz and Silicon .................................... 347 3.20 Quartzite ............................................. 349 3.21 Quartz Sand and Gravel ................................ 350 3.22 Sodium Carbonate, Sulfate and Alum .................... 354 3.23 Sulphur ............................................... 355 3.24 Talc and Pyrophyllite ................................. 358 3.25 Volcaniclastic Rocks .................................. 362 3.26 Wollastonite .......................................... 364 3.27 Zeolites .............................................. 365 3.28 Summary and Further Reading ........................... 367 4 Salt deposits (evaporites) ................................. 369 Synopsis ................................................... 369 4.1 Salt Minerals and Salt Rocks .......................... 371 4.2 The Formation of Salt Deposits ........................ 376 4.3 Post-Depositional Fate of Salt Rocks .................. 394 4.4 From Exploration to Salt Mining ....................... 405 4.5 Summary and Further Reading ........................... 409 Part III The Practice of Economic Geology ..................... 411 5 Geological concepts and methods in the mining cycle: exploration, exploitation and closure of mines ............. 413 Synopsis ................................................... 413 5.1 Economic Considerations ............................... 414 5.2 The Search for Mineral Deposits (Exploration) ......... 416 5.3 Development and Valuation of Mineral Deposits ......... 437 5.4 Mining and the Environment ............................ 448 5.5 Deep Geological Disposal of Dangerous Waste ........... 458 5.6 Summary and Further Reading ........................... 462 Part IV Fossil Energy Raw Materials - Coal, Oil and Gas ....... 465 6 Coal ....................................................... 467 Synopsis ................................................... 467 6.1 The Substance of Coal ................................. 471 6.2 Peat Formation and Coal Deposits ...................... 487 6.3 The Coalification Process ............................. 499 6.4 Post-Depositional Changes of Coal Seams ............... 505 6.5 Applications of Coal Geology .......................... 507 6.6 Summary and Further Reading ........................... 518 7 Petroleum and natural gas deposits ......................... 521 Synopsis ................................................... 521 7.1 Species of Natural Bitumens, Gas and Kerogen, and their Properties ...................................... 524 7.2 The Origin of Petroleum and Natural Gas ............... 533 7.3 Formation of Petroleum and Natural Gas Deposits ....... 540 7.4 Exploring for Petroleum and Natural Gas Deposits ...... 553 7.5 The Exploitation of Petroleum and Natural Gas Deposits .............................................. 561 7.6 Tar Sand, Asphalt, Pyrobitumen and Shungite ........... 570 7.7 Oil Shales ............................................ 573 7.8 Environmental Aspects of Oil and Gas Production ....... 575 7.9 Summary and Further Reading ........................... 579 Epilogue ...................................................... 583 References .................................................... 585 Index ......................................................... 655 This book has a companion website: www.wiley.com/go/pohl/geology