 | Cameron R.J. Microwave filters for communication systems: fundamentals, design, and applications / R.J.Cameron, Ch.M.Kudsa, R.R.Mansour. - Hoboken: Wiley, 2007. - xxxi, 771 p. ill. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.753-771. - ISBN 978-0-471-45022-1
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FOREWORD ...................................................... xxi
PREFACE ..................................................... xxiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................. xxxi
1 RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) FILTER NETWORKS FOR WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS—THE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE ........................... 1
Part I
Introduction to a Communication System, Radio Spectrum,
and Information ................................................. 2
1.1 Model of a Communication System ......................... 2
1.2 Radio Spectrum and its Utilization ...................... 7
1.3 Concept of Information ................................. 10
Part II
Noise in a Communication Channel ............................... 18
1.4 Communication Channel and Link Budgets ................. 12
1.5 Noise in Communication Systems ......................... 18
1.6 Modulation-Demodulation Schemes in a Communication
System ................................................. 37
1.7 Digital Transmission ................................... 46
Part III
Impact of System Design on the Requirements of Filter
Networks ....................................................... 58
1.8 Communication Channels in a Satellite System ........... 58
1.9 RF Filters in Cellular Systems ......................... 71
1.10 Impact of System Requirements on RF Filter
Specifications ......................................... 74
1.11 Impact of Satellite and Cellular Communications on
Filter Technology ...................................... 77
Summary ..................................................... 78
References .................................................. 78
Appendix 1A Intermodulation Distortion Summary .............. 80
2 FUNDAMENTALS OF CIRCUIT THEORY APPROXIMATION ................ 83
2.1 Linear Systems ......................................... 83
2.2 Classification of Systems .............................. 84
2.3 Evolution of Electrical Circuits - A Historical
Perspective ............................................ 86
2.4 Network Equation of Linear Systems in the Time
Domain ................................................. 87
2.5 Network Equation of Linear Systems in the Frequency-
Domain Exponential Driving Function .................... 89
2.6 Steady-State Response of Linear Systems to Sinusoidal
Excitations ............................................ 93
2.7 Circuit Theory Approximation ........................... 94
Summary ..................................................... 96
References .................................................. 96
3 CHARACTERIZATION OF LOSSLESS LOWPASS PROTOTYPE FILTER
FUNCTIONS ................................................... 97
3.1 The Ideal Filter ....................................... 97
3.2 Characterization of Polynomial Functions for Doubly
Terminated Lossless Lowpass Prototype Filter
Networks ............................................... 99
3.3 Characteristic Polynomials for Idealized Lowpass
Prototype Networks .................................... 105
3.4 Lowpass Prototype Characteristics ..................... 107
3.5 Characteristic Polynomials Versus Response Shapes ..... 109
3.6 Classical Prototype Filters ........................... 111
3.7 Unified Design Chart (UDC) Relationships .............. 123
3.8 Lowpass Prototype Circuit Configurations .............. 125
3.9 Effect of Dissipation ................................. 130
3.10 Asymmetric Response Filters ........................... 136
4 COMPUTER-AIDED SYNTHESIS OF CHARACTERISTIC POLYNOMIALS ..... 151
4.1 Objective Function and Constraints for Symmetric
Lowpass Prototype Filter Networks ..................... 152
4.2 Analytic Gradients of the Objective Function .......... 154
4.3 Optimization Criteria for Classical Filters .......... 158
4.4 Generation of Novel Classes of Filter Functions ....... 161
4.5 Asymmetric Class of Filters ........................... 163
4.6 Linear Phase Filters .................................. 168
4.7 Critical Frequencies for Selected Filter Functions .... 169
Summary .................................................... 169
References ................................................. 170
Appendix 4A Critical Frequencies for an Unconventional
8-Pole Filter .............................................. 171
5 ANALYSIS OF MULTIPORT MICROWAVE NETWORKS ................... 173
5.1 Matrix Representation of Two-Port Networks ............ 174
5.2 Cascade of Two Networks ............................... 189
5.3 Multiport Networks .................................... 198
5.4 Analysis of Multiport Networks ........................ 200
Summary .................................................... 205
References ................................................. 206
6 SYNTHESIS OF A GENERAL CLASS OF THE CHEBYSHEV FILTER
FUNCTION ................................................... 207
6.1 Polynomial forms of the Transfer and Reflection
Parameters S21(s) and S11(s) for a Two-Port Network .... 207
6.2 Alternating Pole Method for Determination of the
Denominator Polynomial E(s) ........................... 216
6.3 General Polynomial Synthesis Methods for Chebyshev
Filter Functions ...................................... 219
6.4 Predistorted Filter Characteristics ................... 230
6.5 Transformation for Dual-Band Bandpass Filters ......... 238
Summary .................................................... 241
References ................................................. 242
7 SYNTHESIS OF NETWORK-CIRCUIT APPROACH ...................... 243
7.1 Circuit Synthesis Approach ............................ 245
7.2 Lowpass Prototype Circuits for Coupled-Resonator
Microwave Bandpass Filters ............................ 250
7.3 Ladder Network Synthesis .............................. 260
7.4 Synthesis Example of an Asymmetric (4-2) Filter
Network ............................................... 269
Summary .................................................... 276
References ................................................. 277
8 COUPLING MATRIX SYNTHESIS OF FILTER NETWORKS ............... 279
8.1 Coupling Matrix ...................................... 279
8.2 Direct Synthesis of the Coupling Matrix ............... 292
8.3 Coupling Matrix Reduction ............................. 295
8.4 Synthesis of the N + 2 Coupling Matrix ................ 303
Summary .................................................... 315
References ................................................. 316
9 RECONFIGURATION OF THE FOLDED COUPLING MATRIX .............. 319
9.1 Symmetric Realizations for Dual-Mode Filters .......... 320
9.2 Asymmetric Realizations for Symmetric
Characteristics ....................................... 325
9.3 "Pfitzenmaier" Configurations ......................... 326
9.4 Cascaded Quartets (CQs)—Two Quartets in Cascade for
Degrees 8 and Above ................................... 328
9.5 Parallel-Connected Two-Port Networks .................. 331
9.6 Cul-de-Sac Configuration .............................. 337
Summary .................................................... 345
References ................................................. 347
10 SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF EXTRACTED POLE AND
TRISECTION ELEMENTS ........................................ 349
10.1 Extracted Pole Filter Synthesis ....................... 349
10.2 Synthesis of Bandstop Filters Using the Extracted
Pole Technique ........................................ 364
10.3 Trisections ........................................... 371
10.4 Box Section and Extended Box Configurations ........... 392
Summary .................................................... 401
References ................................................. 402
11 MICROWAVE RESONATORS ....................................... 405
11.1 Microwave Resonator Configurations .................... 405
11.2 Calculation of Resonant Frequency ..................... 409
11.3 Resonator Unloaded Q Factor ........................... 416
11.4 Measurement of Loaded and Unloaded Q Factor ........... 421
Summary .................................................... 428
References ................................................. 429
12 WAVEGUIDE AND COAXIAL LOWPASS FILTERS ...................... 431
12.1 Commensurate-Line Building Elements ................... 432
12.2 Lowpass Prototype Transfer Polynomials ................ 433
12.3 Synthesis and Realization of the Distributed Stepped
Impedance Lowpass Filter .............................. 438
12.4 Short-Step Transformers ............................... 448
12.5 Synthesis and Realization of Mixed Lumped/
Distributed Lowpass Filter ............................ 451
Summary .................................................... 466
References ................................................. 466
13 WAVEGUIDE REALIZATION OF SINGLE- AND DUAL-MODE RESONATOR
FILTERS .................................................... 469
13.1 Synthesis Process ..................................... 470
13.2 Design of the Filter Function ......................... 471
13.3 Realization and Analysis of the Microwave Filter
Network ............................................... 479
13.4 Dual-Mode Filters ..................................... 485
13.5 Coupling Sign Correction .............................. 488
13.6 Dual-Mode Realizations for Some Typical Coupling
Matrix Configurations ................................. 489
13.7 Phase-and Direct-Coupled Extracted Pole Filters ....... 494
13.8 The "Full Inductive" Dual-Mode Filter ................. 496
References ................................................. 500
14 DESIGN AND PHYSICAL REALIZATION OF COUPLED RESONATOR
FILTERS .................................................... 501
14.1 Circuit Models for Chebyshev Bandpass Filters ......... 502
14.2 Calculation of Interresonator Coupling ................ 507
14.3 Calculation of Input/Output Coupling .................. 511
14.4 Design Example of Dielectric Resonator Filters Using
the Coupling Matrix Model ............................. 513
14.5 Design Example of a Waveguide Iris Filter Using the
Impedance Inverter Model .............................. 521
14.6 Design Example of a Microstrip Filter Using the /
-Admittance Inverter Model ............................ 524
Summary .................................................... 529
References ................................................. 530
15 ADVANCED EM-BASED DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE
FILTERS .................................................... 531
15.1 EM-Based Synthesis Techniques ......................... 532
15.2 EM-Based Optimization Techniques ...................... 532
15.3 EM-Based Advanced Design Techniques ................... 544
Summary .................................................... 563
References ................................................. 564
16 DIELECTRIC RESONATOR FILTERS ............................... 567
16.1 Resonant Frequency Calculation in Dielectric
Resonators ............................................ 568
16.2 Rigorous Analyses of Dielectric Resonators ............ 572
16.3 Dielectric Resonator Filter Configurations ............ 576
16.4 Design Considerations for Dielectric Resonator
Filters ............................................... 580
16.5 Other Dielectric Resonator Configurations ............. 583
16.6 Cryogenic Dielectric Resonator Filters ................ 587
16.7 Hybrid Dielectric/Superconductor Filters .............. 589
Summary .................................................... 592
References ................................................. 593
17 ALLPASS PHASE AND GROUP DELAY EQUALIZER NETWORKS ........... 595
17.1 Characteristics of Allpass Networks ................... 596
17.2 Lumped-Element Allpass Networks ....................... 597
17.3 Microwave Allpass Networks ............................ 603
17.4 Physical Realization of Allpass Networks .............. 608
17.5 Synthesis of Reflection-Type Allpass Networks ......... 610
17.6 Practical Narrowband Reflection-Type Allpass
Networks .............................................. 612
17.7 Optimization Criteria for Allpass Networks ............ 616
17.8 Effect of Dissipation ................................. 620
17.9 Equalization Tradeoffs ................................ 622
Summary .................................................... 623
References ................................................. 623
18 MULTIPLEXER THEORY AND DESIGN .............................. 625
18.1 Background ............................................ 625
18.2 Multiplexer Configurations ............................ 627
18.3 RF Channelizers (Demultiplexers) ...................... 632
18.4 RF Combiners .......................................... 638
18.5 Transmit-Receive Diplexers ............................ 661
Summary .................................................... 668
References ................................................. 669
19 COMPUTER-AIDED DIAGNOSIS AND TUNING OF MICROWAVE FILTERS ... 671
19.1 Sequential Tuning of Coupled Resonator Filters ........ 672
19.2 Computer-Aided Tuning Based on Circuit Model
Parameter Extraction .................................. 678
19.3 Computer-Aided Tuning Based on Poles and Zeros of
the Input Reflection Coefficient ...................... 683
19.4 Time-Domain Tuning .................................... 687
19.5 Filter Tuning Based on Fuzzy Logic Techniques ......... 692
19.6 Automated Setups for Filter Tuning .................... 703
Summary .................................................... 706
References ................................................. 707
20 HIGH-POWER CONSIDERATIONS IN MICROWAVE FILTER NETWORKS ..... 711
20.1 Background ............................................ 711
20.2 High-Power Requirements in Wireless Systems ........... 712
20.3 High-Power Amplifiers (HPAs) .......................... 713
20.4 High-Power Breakdown Phenomena ........................ 714
20.5 High-Power Bandpass Filters ........................... 722
20.6 Multipaction Breakdown ................................ 730
20.7 Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Consideration for
High-Power Equipment .................................. 739
Summary .................................................... 742
References ................................................. 743
APPENDIX A .................................................... 745
APPENDIX В .................................................... 747
APPENDIX С .................................................... 749
APPENDIX D .................................................... 751
INDEX ......................................................... 753
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