Primack R.B. A primer of conservation biology. - 4th ed. - Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 2008. - xiv, 349 p. - Bibliogr.: p.309-335. - Ind.: p.338-349. - ISBN 978-0-87893-692-2  Место хранения:   033 | Бурятский научный центр | Улан-Удэ | Центральная научная библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

Chapter 1 Defining Conservation Biology ................................... 3 The Nature and Origins of Conservation Biology .................. 5 The philosophical roots of conservation biology .............. 6 Conservation biology's international scope ................... 8 The interdisciplinary approach: A case study ................ 10 Conservation Biology's Ethical Principles ...................... 13 Achievements and Challenges .................................... 14 Summary ........................................................ 15 Chapter 2 What Is Biodiversity? .......................................... 19 Species Diversity .............................................. 20 What is a species? .......................................... 20 Measuring species diversity ................................. 23 Genetic Diversity .............................................. 24 Ecosystem Diversity ............................................ 26 Trophic levels .............................................. 28 Food chains and food webs ................................... 30 Keystone species and guilds ................................. 31 Keystone resources .......................................... 33 Ecosystem dynamics .......................................... 33 Biodiversity Worldwide ......................................... 33 How many species exist? ..................................... 35 Where is the world's biodiversity found? .................... 37 Summary ........................................................ 40 Chapter 3 The Value of Biodiversity ...................................... 43 Ecological Economics ........................................... 45 Direct Economic Values ......................................... 47 Consumptive use value ....................................... 47 Productive use value ........................................ 49 Indirect Economic Values ....................................... 51 Ecosystem productivity ...................................... 52 Water and soil protection ................................... 53 Climate regulation .......................................... 54 Species interrelationships and environmental monitors ....... 55 Amenity value ............................................... 56 Multiple uses of a single resource: A case study ............ 59 The Long-Term View: Option Value ............................... 60 Existence Value ................................................ 62 Environmental Ethics ........................................... 64 Ethical arguments supporting preservation ................... 65 Deep ecology ................................................ 68 Summary ........................................................ 69 Chapter 4 Threats to Biodiversity ........................................ 73 Human Population Growth and its Impact ......................... 74 Habitat Destruction ............................................ 77 Tropical forests ............................................ 79 Temperate grasslands ........................................ 83 Wetlands .................................................... 83 Marine coastal waters ....................................... 84 Desertification ............................................. 86 Habitat Fragmentation .......................................... 86 Threats posed by fragmentation .............................. 88 Edge effects ................................................ 90 Environmental Degradation and Pollution ........................ 92 Pesticides .................................................. 94 Water pollution ............................................. 94 Air pollution ............................................... 96 Global Climate Change .......................................... 98 Climate change and the marine environment .................. 102 The overall effect of global warming ....................... 103 Overexploitation .............................................. 104 Natural resource use in traditional societies .............. 105 International wildlife trade ............................... 105 Commercial harvesting ...................................... 107 Invasive Species .............................................. 109 Invasive species on islands ................................ 111 Invasive species in aquatic habitats ....................... 112 The ability of species to become invasive .................. 113 Genetically modified organisms ............................. 116 Disease ....................................................... 117 Summary ....................................................... 120 Chapter 5 Extinction Is Forever ......................................... 125 The Meaning of "Extinct" ...................................... 127 Rates of Extinction ........................................... 128 Extinction rates in aquatic environments ................... 130 Extinction rates on islands ................................ 131 Island biogeography and extinction rate prediction ......... 133 Local extinctions .......................................... 135 Vulnerability to Extinction ................................... 137 The Problems of Small Populations ............................. 140 Loss of genetic variation .................................. 143 Effective population size .................................. 148 Demographic and environmental stochasticity ................ 151 The extinction vortex ...................................... 153 Summary ....................................................... 154 Chapter 6 Conserving Populations and Species ............................ 157 Applied Population Biology .................................... 158 Background research ........................................ 159 Monitoring populations in the field ........................ 159 Demographic studies ........................................ 163 Population viability analysis .............................. 164 Metapopulation models ...................................... 165 Conservation Categories ....................................... 168 Establishing New Populations .................................. 172 Relocating individuals to establish new populations ........ 172 Considerations for successful establishment programs ....... 173 Establishing new plant populations ......................... 177 The status of new populations .............................. 179 Ex Situ Conservation Strategies ............................... 180 Zoos ....................................................... 182 Aquariums .................................................. 186 Botanical gardens .......................................... 188 Seed banks ................................................. 189 Legal Protection of Species ................................... 191 National laws .............................................. 191 The U.S. Endangered Species Act ............................ 192 International agreements ................................... 196 Summary ....................................................... 198 Chapter 7 Protected Areas ............................................... 201 Establishment and Classification of Protected Areas ........... 202 The Effectiveness of Protected Areas .......................... 205 Prioritization: What should be protected? .................. 206 Measuring effectiveness: Gap analysis ...................... 212 Designing Protected Areas ..................................... 214 The debate over size ....................................... 215 Minimizing edge and fragmentation effects .................. 219 Networks of protected areas ................................ 219 Landscape Ecology and Park Design ............................. 224 Managing Protected Areas ...................................... 226 Monitoring ................................................. 228 Maintaining habitat ........................................ 229 Management and people ...................................... 232 Zoning as a solution to conflicting demands ................ 233 Challenges to Park Management ................................. 236 Summary ....................................................... 237 Chapter 8 Conservation Outside Protected Areas .......................... 241 Unprotected Public and Private Lands .......................... 241 Human-Dominated Landscapes .................................... 242 Working with Local People ..................................... 245 In situ agricultural conservation .......................... 248 Extractive reserves ........................................ 248 Community-based initiatives ................................ 249 Pay men tfor ecosys tern services .......................... 250 Evaluating conservation initiatives ........................ 250 Ecosystem Management .......................................... 251 Restoring Damaged Ecosystems .................................. 253 The need to restore ecosystem function ..................... 254 Approaches to ecosystem restoration ........................ 257 Targets of major restoration efforts ....................... 258 The future of restoration ecology .......................... 264 Summary ....................................................... 264 Chapter 9 The Challenge of Sustainable Development ...................... 267 Sustainable Development at the Local and National Levels ...... 269 Local conservation regulations ............................. 269 National legislation ....................................... 271 Land trusts ................................................ 272 Incentives for conservation ................................ 273 Enforcement and other issues ............................... 274 International Approaches to Sustainable Development ........... 275 International agreements ................................... 275 The Earth Summit ........................................... 278 Funding for Conservation ...................................... 280 Environmental trust funds .................................. 281 Debt-for-nature swaps ...................................... 281 Loans and grants ........................................... 282 Private funding ............................................ 284 The dilemma of conservation funding ........................ 285 Challenges of funding ...................................... 286 Conservation Education ........................................ 287 The Role of Conservation Biologists ........................... 289 Summary ....................................................... 291 Appendix: Selected Environmental Organizations and Sources of Information ................................................ 295 Glossary ...................................................... 299 Chapter Opening Photograph Credits ............................ 307 Bibliography .................................................. 309 Index ......................................................... 337 About the Author .............................................. 351