1. Introduction ................................................ 1
Bibliography .................................................... 8
2. Controlled Growth of Nanowires and Nanobelts ............... 11
2.1 Introduction .......................................... 13
2.2 Oxides nanowires and nanobelts ........................ 14
2.2.1 ZnO ............................................ 14
2.2.2 SnO2 ........................................... 19
2.2.3 In2О3 .......................................... 23
2.2.4 MgO ............................................ 26
2.2.4.1 Controlled growth of MgO
nanostructures ........................ 27
2.2.4.2 Direct observation of the growth
process of MgO nanoflowers ............ 29
2.2.5 Al2O3 .......................................... 32
2.3 Sulfides nanowires and nanobelts ...................... 37
2.3.1 ZnS ............................................ 37
2.3.2 CdS ............................................ 42
2.4 Doping of nanowires and nanobelts ..................... 47
2.4.1 S-doped ZnO nanowires .......................... 47
2.4.2 Ce-doped ZnO nanostructures .................... 48
2.4.3 Sn-doped ZnO nanobelts ......................... 51
2.4.4 Mn-doped ZnS nanobelts ......................... 53
Bibliography ............................................... 56
3. Design and Synthesis of One-Dimensional Heterostructures ... 67
3.1 Introduction .......................................... 69
3.2 Synthesis of one-dimensional heterostructures ......... 70
3.2.1 Coaxial core/shell structure (nanocable) and
biaxial nanowires .............................. 70
3.2.2 Heterojunction and superlattice nanowire
structure ...................................... 77
3.2.3 Complex branch structure (hierarchical
structure) ..................................... 82
3.3 Concluding remarks .................................... 96
Bibliography .......................................... 97
4. Quasi-Zero Dimensional Nanoarrays ......................... 101
4.1 Synthesis of two-dimensional colloid crystals ........ 103
4.1.1 Drop coating .................................. 105
4.1.2 Spin-coating .................................. 107
4.1.3 Perpendicular withdrawing ..................... 108
4.2 Ordered nanoarrays based on two-dimensional
colloidal crystal templates .......................... 110
4.2.1 Ordered pore arrays ........................... 112
4.2.1.1 ZnO-ordered pore arrays based on
electro-deposition and colloidal
monolayers ........................... 112
4.2.1.2 Au-ordered through-pore arrays
based on electro-deposition and
colloidal monolayers ................. 120
4.2.1.3 SnO2 mono- and multi-layered
nanostructured porous films based on
solution-dipping templates ........... 128
4.2.1.4 Fe2O3-ordered pore arrays based on
solution-dipping templates and
colloidal monolayer .................. 133
4.2.1.5 In2O3-ordered pore arrays based on
solution-dipping templates and
colloidal monolayers ................. 141
4.2.2 Two-dimensional ordered polymer hollow sphere
and convex structure arrays based on
monolayer pore films .......................... 147
4.2.3 Au nanoparticle arrays ........................ 153
Bibliography .............................................. 159
5. Nanoarray Synthesis and Characterization based on
Alumina Templates ......................................... 165
5.1 Preparation techniques of ordered channel AAM
(anodization alumina membrane) templates ............. 167
5.1.1 Preparation of ordered channel AAM
templates ..................................... 168
5.1.2 Structure and characterization of ordered
channel AAM templates ......................... 170
5.1.3 Exploration of ordered channel formation
mechanism ..................................... 171
5.2 Synthesis and characterization of ordered
nanoarrays ........................................... 174
5.2.1 Ordered nanoarrays of elements ................ 175
5.2.1.1 Ordered nanoarrays of metal
nanowires and nanotubes (Pb, Ag,
Cu, Au) .............................. 175
5.2.1.2 Ordered nanoarrays of semimetal
nano wires and nanotubes ............. 192
5.2.1.3 Ordered nanoarrays of Sb nanowires
and nanotubes ........................ 206
5.2.1.4 Ordered nanoarrays of semiconductor
nanowires and nanotubes .............. 210
5.2.1.5 Ordered nanoarrays of carbon
nanotubes ............................ 214
5.2.2 Ordered nanoarrays of binary compound
nanowires ..................................... 226
5.2.2.1 Ordered nanoarrays of alloy
nanowires ............................ 226
5.2.2.2 Ordered nanoarrays of oxide
nanowires and nanotubes .............. 232
5.2.2.3 Ordered nanoarrays of sulphide,
selenide, telluride and ionide
nanowires ............................ 247
5.2.3 Ordered nanoarrays of ternary compound
nanowires ..................................... 268
5.2.3.1 Co-Ni-P alloy nanoarrays ............. 268
5.2.3.2 Ni-W-P alloy nanowire arrays ......... 271
Bibliography .............................................. 275
6. Controlled Growth of Carbon Nanotubes ..................... 287
6.1 Introduction ......................................... 289
6.2 Preparation, morphologies and structures of Small
diameter carbon nantubes (CNTs) ...................... 291
6.2.1 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) ......... 292
6.2.2 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) ........ 295
6.2.3 Discussion and analysis ....................... 295
6.3 Very long carbon nanotubes and continuous carbon
nanotube yarns (fibers) .............................. 300
6.3.1 Very long carbon nanotubes .................... 301
6.3.2 Spinning continuous carbon nanotube yarns
(fibers) ...................................... 304
6.4 Controlled synthesis of single-walled carbon
nanotubes ............................................ 306
6.4.1 Preparation of pure single-walled carbon
nanotubes ..................................... 307
6.4.2 Direct synthesis of a macroscale single-
walled carbon nanotubes non-woven material .... 312
6.4.3 Synthesis of random networks of
single-walled carbon nanotubes ................ 316
6.5 Synthesis of double-walled carbon nanotubes
(DWNTs) .............................................. 319
Bibliography .............................................. 323
7. Synthesis of Inorganic Non-carbon Nanotubes ............... 327
7.1 Introduction ......................................... 329
7.2 Synthesis of inorganic nanotubes ..................... 330
7.2.1 Inorganic nanotubes based on two-dimensional
structures .................................... 331
7.2.1.1 Inorganic nanotubes based on
graphite (carbon nanotubes) .......... 331
7.2.1.2 Inorganic nanotubes based on
transition metal chalcogenides and
halides .............................. 331
7.2.1.3 Inorganic nanotubes based on boron
nitride and the derivatives .......... 339
7.2.1.4 Inorganic nanotubes based on rare
earth and transition metal oxides
and their derivatives ................ 340
7.2.2 Inorganic nanotubes based on quasi-two-
dimensional structures ........................ 342
7.2.3 Inorganic nanotubes based on three-
dimensional structures ........................ 350
7.3 Concluding remarks ................................... 360
Bibliography .............................................. 360
8. Novel Properties of Nanomaterials ......................... 367
8.1 Introduction ......................................... 369
8.2 Polarization characteristics of metal nanowire
microarrays embedded in anodic alumina membrane
templates ............................................ 369
8.2.1 Introduction .................................. 369
8.2.2 Optical measurement ........................... 370
8.2.3 Polarization characteristics .................. 371
8.2.3.1 Cu/AAM ............................... 371
8.2.3.2 Ag/AAM ............................... 374
8.2.3.3 Pb/AAM ............................... 375
8.2.4 Theoretical calculation ....................... 376
8.2.4.1 Theory model ......................... 377
8.2.4.2 Numerical simulation ................. 380
8.2.5 Conclusion .................................... 388
8.3 Electronic and magnetic properties of Bi-based
nanowire arrays ...................................... 388
8.3.1 Bi nanowire arrays ............................ 389
8.3.2 Bi-Bi homogeneous nanowire junction ........... 391
8.3.3 Y-segment Bi nanowire array ................... 392
8.3.4 Bi-Sb segment nanowire junction ............... 394
8.4 Thermal expansion properties of nanowire arrays ...... 395
8.4.1 Agl nanowire arrays ........................... 395
8.4.2 Bi nanowire arrays ............................ 398
8.4.3 Cu nanowire arrays ............................ 401
Bibliography .............................................. 403
9. Applications .............................................. 407
9.1 Introduction ......................................... 409
9.2 Sensors .............................................. 409
9.2.1 SnО2 gas sensors .............................. 409
9.2.2 Biosensors .................................... 420
9.2.2.1 Nanodevices for electrical
detection of single viruses .......... 420
9.2.2.2 Nanoelectromechanical devices for
detection of viruses ................. 426
9.2.2.3 Biological magnetic sensors .......... 431
9.2.2.4 Biotin-modified Si nanowire
nanosensors for detection of
protein binding ...................... 435
9.2.2.5 Bio-conjugated nanoparticles for
rapid detection of single bacterial
cell ................................. 438
9.2.2.6 Near-infrared optical sensors based
on single-walled carbon nanotubes .... 440
9.2.3 Chemical sensors .............................. 442
9.3 Field emission of carbon nanotubes and its
application .......................................... 445
9.4 Light polarization ................................... 448
9.5 Light-bulb filaments made of carbon nanotube yarns ... 453
9.6 Electronic and optoelectronic nanoscale devices ...... 453
Bibliography .................................................. 457
Index ......................................................... 463
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