Acknowledgements ............................................. xiii
List of Illustrations .......................................... xv
List of Tables .............................................. xviii
GHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION
1 'On the backs of giants': previous stone vessel research ..... 1
2 Defining the research parameters ............................. 3
3 Problems inherent in the dataset ............................. 4
4 A longer than usual life-cycle: the impact of heirlooms and
tomb looting on vessel chronology ............................ 6
5 Inscribed stone vessels: blessing or curse? .................. 6
CHAPTER TWO. IMPORTED STONE VESSELS
1 Minoan stone vessels ......................................... 8
1.1 Minoan forms found in the Levant ........................ 8
1.1.1 Lamps ............................................ 8
1.1.2 Tables ........................................... 9
1.1.3 Cups ............................................ 11
1.1.4 Small bowls or jars ............................. 11
1.1.5 Fragmentary examples of possible Minoan
origin .......................................... 11
1.2 Minoan decorative elements ............................. 12
1.3 The significance of Minoan imports in the levant ....... 12
2 Cypriot stone vessels ....................................... 13
3 Egyptian stone vessels ...................................... 14
3.1 Egyptian forms found in the Levant ..................... 14
3.1.1 Rectangular palettes ............................ 14
3.1.2 Plates .......................................... 16
3.1.3 Bowls ........................................... 16
3.1.3.1 Hemispherical bowls .................... 16
3.1.3.2 Carinated bowls ........................ 17
3.1.3.3 Zoomorphic bowls ....................... 18
3.1.4 'Swimming-girl' spoons .......................... 19
3.1.5 Pyxides ......................................... 20
3.1.6 Tazze ........................................... 22
3.1.7 Goblets ......................................... 23
3.1.8 Alabastra ....................................... 25
3.1.8.1 Drop-shaped alabastra .................. 26
3.1.8.2 Conical alabastra ...................... 29
3.1.8.2.1 Conical alabastra with
funnel-shaped mouths ........ 30
3.1.8.2.2 Conical alabastra with
broad flat-topped rim ....... 31
3.1.8.2.3 Conical alabastra with lug
handles above rim ........... 32
3.1.8.2.4 Fragmentary conical
alabastra ................... 32
3.1.9 Jugs and juglets ................................ 32
3.1.9.1 High shouldered juglets (type 1) ....... 32
3.1.9.2 Dipper juglets (type 2) ................ 34
3.1.9.3 Juglets with alabastra-shaped bodies
(type 3) ............................... 35
3.1.9.4 Juglets imitating Cypriot base-ring
ware (type 4) .......................... 35
3.1.9.5 Ovoid juglets (type 5) ................. 38
3.1.9.6 Piriform juglets (type 6) .............. 38
3.1.9.7 Broad-mouthed jugs (type 7) ............ 39
3.1.10 Stirrup jars .................................... 39
3.1.11 Flasks .......................................... 40
3.1.12 Pilgrim flasks .................................. 41
3.1.13 Tube jars ....................................... 43
3.1.13.1 Simple tube with upright sides
(type 1) ............................... 43
3.1.13.2 Skeuomorphic vessels (type 2) .......... 43
3.1.13.3 Monkey holding tube-shaped jar
(type 3) ............................... 45
3.1.14 Cylindrical jars ................................ 46
3.1.15 Shouldered cylindrical jars ..................... 49
3.1.16 Jars of archaic form ............................ 51
3.1.17 Small piriform jars ............................. 52
3.1.18 Drop jars ....................................... 55
3.1.19 Ovoid jars ...................................... 57
3.1.20 Footed jars ..................................... 58
3.1.20.1 Footed jars without handles (type 1) ... 58
3.1.20.2 Footed jars with horizontal loop
handles (type 2) ....................... 60
3.1.21 Amphorae ........................................ 62
3.1.22 Fish-shaped jars ................................ 65
3.1.23 Anthropomorphic statue jars ..................... 65
3.1.24 Stands .......................................... 66
3.1.25 Lids ............................................ 68
3.1.26 Diagnostic fragments of Egyptian type ........... 72
3.1.26.1 Egyptian rim types ..................... 72
3.1.26.2 Egyptian handle types .................. 72
3.1.26.3 Egyptian base sherds ................... 72
3.2 Egyptian decorative styles ............................. 73
3.2.1 Incised decoration .............................. 74
3.2.2 Incision with inlaid colour ..................... 74
3.2.3 Painted decoration .............................. 77
3.2.4 Added metal ..................................... 80
3.2.5 Sculpted decoration ............................. 81
3.2.6 Egyptian stone vessels with orientalising
decoration ...................................... 83
3.3 Features characteristic of Egyptian Workshops .......... 84
3.4 Egyptian palace or temple Workshops .................... 85
3.5 Levantine influences on Egyptian stone vessel
Workshops: Egyptian versus 'Egyptianising' ............. 88
CHAPTER THREE LOCAL STONE VESSELS
1 Palestinian gypsum vessels .................................. 92
1.1 The development of Palestinian stone vessel forms ...... 92
1.1.1 Plates .......................................... 92
1.1.2 Bowls ........................................... 92
1.1.2.1 Everted bowls .......................... 92
1.1.2.2 Hemispherical bowls .................... 92
1.1.2.3 Carinated bowls ........................ 94
1.1.2.4 Ram's-head handled bowls ............... 94
1.1.3 Semi-circular pyxides or bowls .................. 96
1.1.4 Lug-handled pyxides ............................. 96
1.1.5 Tazze ........................................... 96
1.1.6 Goblets ......................................... 99
1.1.7 Alabastra ....................................... 99
1.1.7.1 Drop-shaped alabastra .................. 99
1.1.7.2 Conical alabastra ..................... 102
1.1.8 Bottles ........................................ 103
1.1.9 Jugs and juglets ............................... 103
1.1.9.1 Unfinished juglets .................... 103
1.1.9.2 Juglets with high rounded Shoulders
(type 1) .............................. 104
1.1.9.3 Dipper juglets (type 2) ............... 106
1.1.9.4 Juglets with alabastra-shaped bodies
(type 3) .............................. 106
1.1.9.5 Globular juglets (type 4) ............. 106
1.1.9.6 Spouted jugs .......................... 106
1.1.10 Flasks ......................................... 107
1.1.11 Pilgrim flasks ................................. 107
1.1.12 Shouldered cylindrical jars .................... 107
1.1.13 Squat jars ..................................... 109
1.1.14 Lug-handled jars ............................... 109
1.1.15 Stoppers ....................................... 111
1.1.16 Diagnostic fragments ........................... 111
1.2 Palestinian decorative styles ......................... 112
1.2.1 Palestine decorative styles ofthe MBII-LBI
period ......................................... 112
1.2.1.1 The Jericho group ..................... 112
1.2.1.2 The Pella group ....................... 115
1.2.2 Palestinian decorative styles ofthe Late
Bronze and early Iron Age ...................... 118
1.3 Influence and interaction: the impact of other
products on the development ofthe ..................... 118
2 Palestinian gypsum vessel industry Syrian stone vessels .... 120
2.1 The royal Workshop at Atchana ......................... 120
2.2 Syrian Serpentine Workshops ........................... 122
2.3 Chlorite Workshops at Ras Shamra ...................... 123
2.3.1 Bowls .......................................... 123
2.3.2 Miniature cups ................................. 124
2.3.3 Alabastra ...................................... 125
2.3.4 Diagnostic fragments ........................... 125
3 Levantine groundstone vessels and installations ............ 125
3.1 The development of Levantine stone vessel forms ....... 126
3.1.1 Plates ......................................... 126
3.1.2 Bowls .......................................... 127
3.1.2.1 Everted bowls ......................... 127
3.1.2.2 Carinated bowls ....................... 129
3.1.2.3 Pedestal bowls ........................ 129
3.1.2.4 Deep upright bowls or cups ............ 130
3.1.2.5 Tripod bowls .......................... 130
3.1.3 Mortar bowls ................................... 132
3.1.3.1 Upright mortar bowls .................. 132
3.1.3.2 Everted mortar bowls .................. 133
3.1.3.3 Triangular mortar bowls or lamps ...... 135
3.1.3.4 Pedestal mortar bowls ................. 136
3.1.3.5 Tripod mortar bowls ................... 136
3.1.3.6 Footed mortar bowls with four legs .... 136
3.1.4 Mortars ........................................ 137
3.1.5 Pot bellows .................................... 137
3.1.6 Funnels and tuyeres ............................ 139
3.1.7 Basins ......................................... 140
3.1.8 Tables ......................................... 141
3.1.9 Lids and Stoppers .............................. 143
3.1.10 Diagnostic fragments ........................... 143
3.2 Levantine decorative styles ........................... 144
3.2.1 Decorated temple installations ................. 144
3.2.2 Decorated plates and bowls ..................... 145
3.3 The characteristics of Levantine stone vessel
Workshops ............................................. 146
4 Vessels of uncertain origin ................................ 147
5 The relationships between stone vessel Workshops and
craftsmen working with other materials ..................... 149
6 The influence of imported forms on local stone Workshops ... 151
CHAPTER FOUR MATERIALS AND SOURCES
1 Introduction ............................................... 152
2 The relationship between sources of raw materials and
the development of stone vessel Workshops .................. 152
2.1 Organising access to raw materials .................... 153
2.2 Collection methods .................................... 153
2.3 Trade in raw materials ................................ 154
3 Materials appearing in the stone vessel repertoires of
the Levant ................................................. 155
3.1 Soft sedimentary and metamorphic stones
(Mohs 1-2.5) .......................................... 155
3.1.1 Chalk .......................................... 155
3.1.2 Chlorite and steatite .......................... 155
3.1.3 Gypsum ......................................... 156
3.2 Moderate to hard sedimentary and metamorphic stones
(Mohs 3-7) ............................................ 157
3.2.1 Breccia ........................................ 157
3.2.2 Calcite ........................................ 159
3.2.3 Gneiss ......................................... 160
3.2.4 Limestone ...................................... 160
3.2.5 Marble ......................................... 161
3.2.6 Quartzite and quartzitic sandstones ............ 161
3.2.7 Sandstone ...................................... 161
3.2.8 Schist ......................................... 162
3.2.9 Serpentine ..................................... 162
3.2.10 Siltstone ...................................... 162
3.2.11 Slate .......................................... 163
3.3 Hard igneous stones (Mohs 5-7) ........................ 163
3.3.1 Anorthosite .................................... 163
3.3.2 Basalt ......................................... 163
3.3.3 Diorite ........................................ 166
3.3.4 Gabbro ......................................... 166
3.3.5 Granite ........................................ 166
3.3.6 Lava ........................................... 167
3.3.7 Obsidian ....................................... 167
3.3.8 Porphyritic stones ............................. 167
3.3.9 Pumice ......................................... 168
3.3.10 Trachyte ....................................... 168
3.4 Minerals and semi-precious stones (Mohs 5-7) .......... 168
3.4.1 Agate .......................................... 169
3.4.2 Carnelian ...................................... 169
3.4.3 Hematite ....................................... 170
3.4.4 Jasper ......................................... 170
3.4.5 Sardonyx ....................................... 170
4 Composite vessels made of several materials ................ 170
5 Textual references to stone types .......................... 171
6 Overview of material use in stone vessel Workshops ......... 171
6.1 Comparative frequency of materials .................... 171
6.2 Chronological aspects of material use ................. 172
6.3 Relationship of material to shape ..................... 174
6.4 Relationship of material to technology ................ 175
6.5 Production centres and material use ................... 176
7 Conclusions ................................................ 177
CHAPTER FIVE. STONE VESSEL WORKPLACES
1 Relationship of Workshops to external authorities .......... 178
2 Workplace remains .......................................... 178
2.1 In-situ Workshop evidence ............................. 179
2.2 Unfinished vessels and wasters out of their original
context ............................................... 181
2.2.1 The unfinished Minoan lamp from Atchana ........ 181
2.2.2 Unfinished vessel wasters and blanks from
Beth Shan ...................................... 181
2.3 Manufacturing debris and debitage ..................... 183
3 Comparing modern and ancient workplaces .................... 184
3.1 Meshhed Workshop ...................................... 184
3.2 Gurneh Workshop ....................................... 185
3.3 Comparative rates of production in modern stone
vessel Workshops ...................................... 186
3.4 Production modes in ancient stone vessel Workshops .... 187
4 Conclusions ................................................ 187
CHAPTER SIX. THE TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY BEHIND STONE VESSEL
MANUFACTURE
1 Introduction ............................................... 188
2 Drill technology ........................................... 188
2.1 Drill mechanisms ...................................... 189
2.2 Drill bits ............................................ 190
2.3 Abrasive powder ....................................... 191
2.4 Lubricants ............................................ 191
2.5 Evidence for use of the drill in the Levant ........... 193
3 Cutting tools .............................................. 194
4 Compasses .................................................. 195
5 The lathe .................................................. 195
6 Smoothing and polishing tools and agents ................... 195
7 A regional survey of manufacturing techniques .............. 196
7.1 Egypt ................................................. 196
7.1.1 Egyptian drill-made vessels .................... 196
7.1.2 Egyptian chisel-made vessels ................... 198
7.2 Minoan Crete .......................................... 198
7.2.1 Minoan drill-made vessels ...................... 198
7.2.2 Minoan chisel-made vessels ..................... 199
7.3 Cyprus ................................................ 200
7.4 The Levant ............................................ 200
7.4.1 Syrian drill-made vessels ...................... 200
7.4.2 Syrian chisel-made vessels ..................... 200
7.4.3 Palestinian chisel-made vessels ................ 200
7.4.4 Levantine groundstone .......................... 201
8 Conclusions ................................................ 202
CHAPTER SEVEN. DISTRIBUTION
1 South Coastal Plain and northeastern Sinai ................. 203
1.1 Tell Abu Salima ....................................... 203
1.2 Deir el-Balah ......................................... 205
1.3 Tell el-'Ajjul ........................................ 205
1.4 Tell Far'ah South ..................................... 208
1.5 Tell Sera' ............................................ 208
1.6 Tell Nagila ........................................... 209
1.7 Tell el-Hesi .......................................... 209
1.8 Ashdod ................................................ 210
1.9 Tell Miqne (Ekron) .................................... 211
1.10 Palmahim .............................................. 211
1.11 Dhahrat el-Humraiya ................................... 211
1.12 El-Jisr and Nebi Rubin ................................ 211
2 Sharon Plain ............................................... 212
2.1 Tell Qasile ........................................... 212
2.2 Tell Michal ........................................... 213
2.3 Barqai ................................................ 213
2.4 Tell Mevorakh ......................................... 213
3 Judean Hills ............................................... 213
3.1 Tell Beit Mirsim ...................................... 214
3.2 Lachish ............................................... 214
3.3 Tell Jedur ............................................ 216
3.4 Khirbet Kufin ......................................... 217
3.5 Ain Shems ............................................. 217
3.6 Jerusalem ............................................. 217
3.7 Manahat ............................................... 218
3.8 Nahalat Ahim .......................................... 218
3.9 Moza 'Illit ........................................... 218
3.10 Gezer ................................................. 219
3.11 Gibeon ................................................ 220
4 Samarian Hills ............................................. 221
4.1 Shiloh ................................................ 221
4.2 Shechem ............................................... 221
4.3 Mount Ebal ............................................ 222
4.4 Teil el-Far'ah ........................................ 222
5 Jezreel Valley ............................................. 222
5.1 Taanach ............................................... 222
5.2 Megiddo ............................................... 223
5.3 'Afula ................................................ 225
5.4 Teil Qiri ............................................. 225
6 The Piain of Akko and Western Galilee ...................... 226
6.1 Teil Abu Hawam ........................................ 226
6.2 Akko .................................................. 226
7 Jordan Valley .............................................. 227
7.1 Beth Shan ............................................. 227
7.2 Pella ................................................. 230
7.3 Teil es-Sa'idiyeh ..................................... 232
7.4 Deir 'Alla ............................................ 233
7.5 Jericho ............................................... 233
8 The Southern Arabah region ................................. 236
8.1 Timna ................................................. 236
9 South Transjordanian Plateau ............................... 239
9.1 Amman ................................................. 240
9.2 Sahab ................................................. 242
9.3 Baq'ah Valley ......................................... 242
10 North Transjordanian Plateau ............................... 243
10.1 Teil el-Husn .......................................... 243
10.2 Irbid ................................................. 243
11 Eastern Jordan and the Hauran .............................. 243
12 Eastern Galilee ............................................ 244
12.1 Ginosar ............................................... 244
12.2 Hazor ................................................. 244
12.3 Tell Dan .............................................. 246
13 Coastal Northern Levant .................................... 247
13.1 Tyre .................................................. 247
13.2 Beirut ................................................ 249
13.3 Byblos ................................................ 249
13.4 Ras Shamra and Minet el-Beida ......................... 251
13.5 Ras Ibn Hani .......................................... 255
14 The Amuq Valley ............................................ 255
14.1 Atchana ............................................... 255
15 North Central Syria and the Orontes Valley ................. 258
15.1 Ebla (Tell Mardikh) ................................... 259
15.2 Hama .................................................. 260
15.3 Qatna (Tell Mishrife) ................................. 260
16 Biqa'a Valley .............................................. 261
16.1 Kamid el-Loz .......................................... 261
16.2 Tell Nebi Mend ........................................ 262
17 Damascus Basin ............................................. 263
17.1 Tell es-Salihiyeh ..................................... 263
18 Conclusions ................................................ 263
CHAPTER EIGHT. SETTING THE INDUSTRY IN CONTEXT
1 Explaining the movement of goods ........................... 265
1.1 Economic exchange ..................................... 265
1.2 Incidental movement of goods .......................... 266
2 Transferring ideas and technology .......................... 267
3 The evolution of distribution networks ..................... 267
3.1 Egyptian imports ...................................... 267
3.2 Minoan and Cypriot imports ............................ 270
3.3 Palestinian gypsum vessels ............................ 271
3.4 Levantine groundstone vessels ......................... 273
4 Conclusions ................................................ 275
Introduction to the Catalogue ................................. 277
Object Catalogue .............................................. 279
Appendix A Site concordance .................................. 427
Appendix B Materials concordance ............................. 440
Appendix C Museum concordance ................................ 449
Abbreviations ................................................. 457
References .................................................... 458
Index ......................................................... 479
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