ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................ v
INTRODUCTION .................................................. vii
Chapter 1. HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY TENDENCIES IN ORCHID
STUDIES (M.G. Vakhrameeva) .......................... 1
Chapter 2. SYSTEMATICS OF ORCHIDS OF RUSSIA AND ADJACENT
COUNTRIES (I.V. Tatarenko) .......................... 9
Chapter 3. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION (T.I. Varlygina) .............. 21
Chapter 4. ECOLOGY AND PHYTOCOENOLOGY (M.G. Vakhrameeva
and T.I. Varlygina) ................................ 33
Chapter 5. MORPHOLOGY (I.V. Tatarenko) ........................ 45
Chapter 6. ONTOGENESIS (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ..................... 67
Chapter 7. RHYTHM OF SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION
(I.V. Tatarenko) ................................... 83
Chapter 8. MYCORRHIZA (I.V. Tatarenko) ........................ 95
Chapter 9. SPECIES PROTECTION (T.I. Varlygina) ............... 107
Chapter 10. SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS .............................. 117
Cypripedium calceolus (T.I. Varlygina) ............ 118
Cypripedium guttatum (T.I. Varlygina) ............. 123
Cypripedium macranthon (T.I. Varlygina) ........... 126
Cypripedium shanxiense (T.I. Varlygina) ........... 129
Cypripedium x ventricosum (T.I. Varlygina) ........ 131
Cypripedium yatabeanum (T.I. Varlygina) ........... 134
Cephalanthera caucasica (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
G.K. Torosyan) ................................. 136
Cephalanthera damasonium (M.N. Zagulskii and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 137
Cephalanthera erecta (T.I. Varlygina) ............. 139
Cephalanthera floribunda (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
I.V. Tatarenko) ................................ 140
Cephalanthera kurdica (G.K. Torosyan and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 142
Cephalanthera longibracteata (I.V. Tatarenko) ..... 143
Cephalanthera longifolia (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ....... 146
Cephalanthera rubra (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 150
Epipactis atrorubens (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ........... 153
Epipactis helleborine (M.G. Vakhrameeva) .......... 157
Epipactis microphylla (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
I.V. Tatarenko) ................................ 162
Epipactis palustris (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ............ 163
Epipactis papillosa (T.I. Varlygina) .............. 167
Epipactis persica (G.K. Torosyan and M.G.
Vakhrameeva) ...................................... 169
Epipactis purpurata (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 170
Epipactis royleana (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 172
Epipactis thunbergii (I.V. Tatarenko) ............. 173
Epipactis turcomanica (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 175
Epipactis veratrifolia (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ......... 176
Limodorum abortivum (I.V. Tatarenko,
M.G. Vakhrameeva and G.K. Torosyan) ............ 178
Listera cordata (T.I. Varlygina) .................. 180
Listera nipponica (T.I. Varlygina) ................ 183
Listera ovata (T.I. Varlygina) .................... 184
Listera pinetorum (T.I. Varlygina) ................ 187
Neottia asiatica (T.I. Varlygina) ................. 189
Neottia camtschatea (T.I. Varlygina) .............. 190
Neottia nidus-avis (I.V. Tatarenko and
T.I. Varlygina) ................................ 191
Neottia papilligera (T.I. Varlygina) .............. 195
Neottia ussuriensis (T.I. Varlygina) .............. 196
Aceras anthropophorum (M.G. Vakhrameeva) .......... 198
Amitostigma kinoshitae (I.V. Tatarenko) ........... 199
Anacamptis pyramidalis (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
I.V. Tatarenko) ................................ 201
Chamorchis alpina (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 204
Coeloglossum viride (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ............ 205
Comperia comperiana (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 209
Dactylorhiza aristata (T.I. Varlygina) ............ 213
Dactylorhiza baldshuanica (T.I. Varlygina,
M.G. Vakhrameeva and I. V. Tatarenko) .......... 215
Dactylorhiza baltica (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ........... 216
Dactylorhiza cordigera (M.N. Zagulskii,
I.V. Tatarenko and M.G. Vakhrameeva) ........... 218
Dactylorhiza cruenta (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ........... 219
Dactylorhiza czerniakowskae (T.I. Varlygina,
I.V. Tatarenko and M. G Vakhrameeva) ........... 221
Dactylorhiza euxina (G.K. Torosyan,
I.V. Tatarenko and M.G. Vakhrameeva) ........... 221
Dactylorhiza flavescens (G.K. Torosyan,
I.V. Tatarenko and M.G. Vakhrameeva) ........... 223
Dactylorhiza fuchsii (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ........... 225
Dactylorhiza iberica (M.G. Vakhrameeva,
I.V. Tatarenko and G.K. Torosyan) .............. 229
Dactylorhiza incarnata (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ......... 231
Dactylorhiza kulikalonica (T.I. Varlygina,
I.V. Tatarenko and M.G. Vakhrameeva) ........... 235
Dactylorhiza maculata (M.G. Vakhrameeva) .......... 236
Dactylorhiza magna (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ............. 240
Dactylorhiza majalis (M.N. Zagulskii and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 241
Dactylorhiza romana (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
I.V. Tatarenko) ................................ 244
Dactylorhiza russowii (T.I. Varlygina) ............ 245
Dactylorhiza salina (T.I. Varlygina and
M.G Vakhrameeva) ............................... 247
Dactylorhiza sambucina (M.N. Zagulskii and
M.G.Vakhrameeva) ............................... 248
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (T.I. Varlygina) ....... 251
Dactylorhiza umbrosa (G.K. Torosyan and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 253
Dactylorhiza urvilleana (G.K. Torosyan and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 255
Galearis cyclochila (I.V. Tatarenko) .............. 257
Gymnadenia conopsea (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ............ 260
Gymnadenia odoratissima (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
I.V. Tatarenko) ................................ 264
Habenaria linearifolia (I.V. Таtarenko) ........... 266
Habenaria radiata (I.V. Tatarenko) ................ 268
Habenaria yezoensis (I.V. Tatarenko) .............. 271
Herminium monorchis (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
I.V. Tatarenko) ................................ 272
Himantoglossum caprinum (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
I.V. Tatarenko) ................................ 274
Himantoglossum formosum (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
G.K. Torosyan) ................................. 276
Leucorchis albida (I.V. Tatarenko) ................ 277
Lysiella oligantha (I.V. Tatarenko) ............... 281
Neottianthe cucullata (M.G. Vakhrameeva) .......... 283
Nigritella carpatica (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ........... 286
Nigritella nigra (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 287
Ophrys apifera (M.G Vakhrameeva, G.K. Torosyan
and I.V. Tatarenko) ............................ 289
Ophrys caucasica (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ............... 290
Ophrys insectifera (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ............. 292
Ophrys kopetdaghensis (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 294
Ophrys oestrifera (I.V. Tatarenko,
M.G. Vakhrameeva and G.K. Torosyan) ........... 295
Ophrys taurica (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 297
Ophrys transhyrcana (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
I.V. Tatarenko) ................................ 298
Orchis caspia (M.G. Vakhrameeva) .................. 300
Orchis coriophora (M.N. Zagulskii and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 302
Orchis fedtschenkoi (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
I.V. Tatarenko) ................................ 303
Orchis fragrans (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ................ 305
Orchis laxiflora (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
I.V. Tatarenko) ................................ 306
Orchis mascula (I.V. Tatarenko,
M.G. Vakhrameeva and G.K. Torosyan) ............ 307
Orchis militaris (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
M.N. Zagulskii) ................................ 310
Orchis mono (I.V. Tatarenko, M.G. Vakhrameeva
and G.K. Torosyan) ............................. 314
Orchis nervulosa (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ............... 316
Orchis pallens (M.N. Zagulskii and M.G.
Vakhrameeva) ................................... 317
Orchis palustris (M.G. Vakhrameeva,
I.V. Tatarenko and G.K. Torosyan) .............. 319
Orchis picta (I.V. Tatarenko and M.G.
Vakhrameeva) ................................... 320
Orchis provincialis (I.V. Tatarenko,
M.G. Vakhrameeva and G.K. Torosyan) ............ 322
Orchis pseudolaxiflora (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 324
Orchis punctulata (M.G. Vakhrameeva,
I.V. Tatarenko and G.K. Torosyan) .............. 325
Orchis purpurea (M.N. Zagulskii and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 327
Orchis simia(I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 329
Orchis stevenii (M.G. Vakhrameeva and
G.K. Torosyan) ................................. 331
Orchis tridentata (M.G. Vakhrameeva,
I.V. Tatarenko and G.K. Torosyan) .............. 332
Orchis ustulata (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ................ 334
Orchis viridifusca (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ............. 336
Platanthera bifolia (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ............ 337
Platanthera camtschatica (T.I. Varlygina) ......... 341
Platanthera chlorantha (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ......... 342
Platanthera chorisiana (T.I. Varlygina) ........... 346
Platanthera convallariifolia (I.V. Tatarenko) ..... 348
Platanthera dilatata (I.V. Tatarenko) ............. 349
Platanthera extremiorientalis (I.V. Tatarenko) .... 350
Platanthera freynii (T.I. Varlygina) .............. 353
Platanthera hologlottis (I.V. Tatarenko) .......... 354
Platanthera maximowicziana (I.V. Таtarenko) ....... 356
Platanthera ophrydioides (I.V. Tatarenko) ......... 357
Platanthera sachalinensis (I.V. Tatarenko) ........ 360
Platanthera tipuloides (I.V. Tatarenko) ........... 362
Ponerorchis pauciflora (I.V. Tatarenko) ........... 363
Serapias vomeracea (M.G. Vakhrameeva,
I.V. Tatarenko and G.K. Torosyan) .............. 365
Steveniella satyrioides (M.G. Vakhrameeva,
I.V. Tatarenko and G.K. Torosyan) .............. 366
Traunsteinera globosa (M.N. Zagulskii and
M.G Vakhrameeva) ............................... 368
Traunsteinera sphaerica (M.G. Vakhrameeva,
I.V. Tatarenko and G.K. Torosyan) .............. 370
Tulotis fuscescens (I.V. Tatarenko) ............... 371
Tulotis ussuriensis (I.V. Tatarenko) .............. 373
Spiranthes sinensis (I.V. Tatarenko) .............. 376
Spiranthes spiralis (I.V. Tatarenko) .............. 379
Goodyera maximowicziana (I.V. Таtarenko) .......... 381
Goodyera repens (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ................ 383
Goodyera schlechtendaliana (I.V. Tatarenko) ....... 387
Myrmechis japonica (I.V. Tatarenko) ............... 389
Zeuxine strateumatica (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G Vakhrameeva) ............................... 391
Eleorchis japonica (I.V. Tatarenko) ............... 393
Calypso bulbosa (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 395
Epipogium aphyllum (T.I. Varlygina) ............... 397
Gastrodia elata (I.V. Tatarenko) .................. 400
Hammarbya paludosa (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 402
Liparis japonica (I.V. Tatarenko) ................. 405
Liparis kranieri (I.V. Tatarenko) ................. 407
Liparis kumokiri (I.V. Tatarenko) ................. 409
Liparis loeselii (I.V. Tatarenko and
M.G. Vakhrameeva) .............................. 411
Liparis makinoana (I.V. Tatarenko) ................ 414
Liparis sachalinensis (I.V. Tatarenko) ............ 416
Malaxis monophyllos (M.G. Vakhrameeva) ............ 417
Pogonia japonica (I.V. Tatarenko) ................. 421
Corallorhiza trifida (T.I. Varlygina) ............. 424
Cremastra variabilis (T.I. Varlygina) ............. 427
Dactylostalyx ringens (I.V. Tatarenko) ............ 429
Ephippianthus sachalinensis (I.V. Tatarenko) ...... 432
Oreorchis patens (I.V. Tatarenko) ................. 435
Eulophia turkestanica (I.V. Tatarenko) ............ 438
REFERENCES .................................................... 441
GLOSSARY ...................................................... 511
DISTRIBUTION MAPS ............................................. 519
PHOTOGRAPHS ................................................... 617
INDEX ......................................................... 683
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