Foreword ...................................................... vii
Preface ........................................................ ix
Acknowledgements ............................................... xi
List of Figures ............................................... xix
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Early beginnings ....................................... 1
1.2 Development and diversification ........................ 2
1.3 The customer ........................................... 2
1.4 The operator ........................................... 3
1.5 Overall planning ....................................... 3
1.6 Choice of route and level .............................. 4
1.7 Resources required ..................................... 5
2 Station Layout ............................................... 7
2.1 The customer and the design process .................... 7
2.2 The need for standards ................................. 8
2.3 The objectives in station planning ..................... 9
2.4 The concept of speed and flow ......................... 10
2.5 The consideration of time ............................. 10
2.6 Planning for normal operation ......................... 11
2.7 The demand matrix ..................................... 12
2.8 Capacity requirements ................................. 15
2.9 Ticket halls .......................................... 15
2.10 Access and interchange ................................ 18
2.11 Stairs, escalators and lifts .......................... 19
2.12 Platforms ............................................. 20
2.13 Footbridges and subways ............................... 21
2.14 Station canopies ...................................... 22
2.15 Access for disabled and mobility impaired
passengers ............................................ 22
2.16 The "downgraded" station .............................. 24
2.17 Planning for hazards .................................. 25
2.18 Staff accommodation ................................... 25
2.19 Designing for maintenance ............................. 26
3 Rolling Stock ............................................... 27
3.1 The definition of railway rolling stock ............... 27
3.2 The range of railway rolling stock .................... 28
3.3 The evolution of steam motive power ................... 29
3.4 The advent of electric traction ....................... 32
3.5 Development of electric traction ...................... 33
3.6 Diesel traction ....................................... 35
3.7 Evolution of wheel layout ............................. 36
3.8 Changes in locomotive maintenance practices ........... 37
3.9 From passenger "carriages" to the modern carbodies .... 38
3.10 Carbody structures .................................... 39
3.11 Main line train performance issues .................... 41
3.12 Train performance issues on metros and light rail ..... 41
3.13 Freight rolling stock ................................. 43
3.14 Specialised engineering rolling stock ................. 44
3.15 Manufacturing methods ................................. 46
4 Depots and Workshops ........................................ 47
4.1 Proper maintenance of rolling stock ................... 47
4.2 Rolling stock maintenance considerations .............. 48
4.3 Establishing a maintenance regime ..................... 48
4.4 Maintenance management ................................ 49
4.5 Balance between workshops and depots .................. 50
4.6 Depot siting .......................................... 50
4.7 The needs of the maintainer ........................... 52
4.8 Basic requirements for depots ......................... 53
4.9 Performance indicators and audit ...................... 55
5 Track ....................................................... 57
5.1 The origin and development of railway track ........... 57
5.2 Basic components of track ............................. 58
5.3 Track ballast ......................................... 59
5.4 Materials for track ballast ........................... 60
5.5 Sleeper functions ..................................... 60
5.6 Timber sleepers ....................................... 61
5.7 Prestressed concrete sleepers (monobloc) .............. 62
5.8 Twin block sleepers ................................... 64
5.9 Steel sleepers ........................................ 64
5.10 Rail fastenings, baseplates and pads .................. 65
5.11 Rails ................................................. 67
5.12 Rail wear ............................................. 68
5.13 Desirability of removing rail joints .................. 70
5.14 The introduction of track welding ..................... 70
5.15 Shop welding to produce long rails .................... 71
5.16 Site welding to produce CWR ........................... 72
5.17 Stressing or "locking-up" of CWR ...................... 73
5.18 Points, switches and crossings ........................ 74
5.19 Crossing design and manufacture ....................... 75
5.20 Points or turnouts .................................... 76
5.21 Driving, locking and detection of points .............. 76
5.22 Conductor rails and components ........................ 77
5.23 Paved concrete track .................................. 78
5.24 Cast-in precast sleeper track ......................... 78
5.25 Floating slab track ................................... 79
5.26 Track installation and renewal ........................ 79
5.27 Day-to-day maintenance of track ....................... 79
6 Earthworks, Drainage and Fencing ............................ 83
6.1 Stability of earthworks ............................... 83
6.2 Short term considerations ............................. 84
6.3 Long term considerations .............................. 84
6.4 Slips ................................................. 85
6.5 Detection of movement of earthworks ................... 85
6.6 Dealing with embankment slips ......................... 86
6.7 Dealing with cutting slips ............................ 88
6.8 Drainage of the trackbed .............................. 89
6.9 Sand blankets ......................................... 90
6.10 Side or "cess" drains ................................. 91
6.11 Centre drains ......................................... 92
6.12 Drain cleaning ........................................ 92
6.13 Ineffective drains .................................... 93
6.14 Railway fencing ....................................... 94
7 Bridges and Structures ...................................... 95
7.1 Early railway structures and materials ................ 95
7.2 Modern welded steelwork ............................... 97
7.3 Reinforced concrete structures ....................... 100
7.4 Prestressed concrete ................................. 102
7.5 Bridge reconstruction ................................ 104
7.6 Brick and masonry structures ......................... 106
7.7 Examination of structures ............................ 108
7.8 Structural maintenance ............................... 109
7.9 Strength assessment .................................. 110
8 Tunnels and Tunnelling ..................................... 113
8.1 The history of tunnelling ............................ 113
8.2 "Cut-and-cover" tunnels .............................. 114
8.3 The first tunnel shields ............................. 114
8.4 Modern tunnel shields ................................ 115
8.5 Differing ground conditions .......................... 116
8.6 Construction methods ................................. 117
8.7 Tunnel linings ....................................... 118
8.8 Vertical and sloping shafts .......................... 119
8.9 Tunnel inspection and maintenance .................... 120
9 Electrification ............................................ 121
9.1 Electricity as a form of motive power ................ 121
9.2 Generation of electricity ............................ 122
9.3 Railway electrification systems ...................... 122
9.4 The AC system connection of supply ................... 123
9.5 The AC system feeder points .......................... 124
9.6 AC overhead equipment ................................ 125
9.7 Earthing on the AC system ............................ 126
9.8 Electrical interference .............................. 126
9.9 DC low voltage systems ............................... 127
9.10 AC power distribution for DC systems ................. 127
9.11 DC power distribution ................................ 128
9.12 The effects of electrification ....................... 129
9.13 Inspection and maintenance ........................... 129
10 Signalling and Train Control ............................... 131
10.1 The early history of railway signalling .............. 131
10.2 Modern signalling principles ......................... 133
10.3 Track circuits ....................................... 134
10.4 Point operation, locking and detection ............... 134
10.5 Interlocking ......................................... 135
10.6 Minimum headways ..................................... 136
10.7 Home and distant signals ............................. 137
10.8 Subsidiary signals ................................... 137
10.9 Two aspect colour light signalling ................... 138
10.10 Three aspect Colour light signalling ................. 139
10.11 Four aspect colour light signalling .................. 140
10.12 Transmission based signalling ........................ 141
10.13 Proof of safety and safety standards ................. 142
10.14 Protection against trains passing signals at
danger ............................................... 143
10.15 Signal protection at level crossings ................. 145
11 Systems and Communications ................................. 147
11.1 Getting things done! ................................. 147
11.2 Human processes ...................................... 148
11.3 Good feedback ........................................ 148
11.4 Interface between operation and engineering .......... 149
11.5 Interface between operator and user .................. 150
11.6 The railway systems pyramid .......................... 150
11.7 The railway signalling system ........................ 151
11.8 The public address and information systems ........... 152
11.9 Telephones and radio ................................. 154
11.10 Closed circuit television (CCTV) ..................... 156
11.11 Equipment operation and system maintenance ........... 156
12 Lifts, Escalators and Pumps ................................ 159
12.1 Vertical transportation .............................. 159
12.2 The development of early lifts ....................... 159
12.3 The development of escalators ........................ 160
12.4 Passenger flow to and from escalators and lifts ...... 161
12.5 Achievable flow rates for modern lifts ............... 162
12.6 Flow rates on escalators ............................. 162
12.7 Types of escalators .................................. 163
12.8 Compact type escalators .............................. 164
12.9 Semi-compact type escalators ......................... 164
12.10 Heavy duty public service escalators ................. 165
12.11 Typical HDPS escalator dimensions .................... 166
12.12 Types of modern lift ................................. 166
12.13 Application of lift types ............................ 167
12.14 Safety risks and human factors ....................... 168
12.15 Inspection and maintenance ........................... 169
12.16 Pumps ................................................ 170
13 Ventilation and Draught Relief ............................. 173
13.1 Is ventilation a problem on railways? ................ 173
13.2 Movement of air ...................................... 174
13.3 Deciding on exhaust or pressure ...................... 175
13.4 The "piston" effect of trains on fans ................ 176
13.5 Design and operation of tunnel fans .................. 176
13.6 Smoke in tunnels ..................................... 176
13.7 Draught relief ....................................... 178
13.8 Maintenance and inspection of fans ................... 179
13.9 Air conditioning ..................................... 179
14 Future Trends .............................................. 181
14.1 The engineering "full circle" ........................ 181
14.2 The trend towards broader vision ..................... 183
14.3 The trend towards local accountability ............... 183
14.4 Increasing use of information technology ............. 184
14.5 Improved interchange between transport modes ......... 184
14.6 A move towards designing for maintenance ............. 185
14.7 Trends in comfort standards .......................... 185
15 Conclusion ................................................. 187
15.1 Retrospect ........................................... 187
15.2 Postscript ........................................... 188
Subject Index ................................................. 189
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