List of Plates, Figures, and Tables ........................ page x
Foreword, by Philip L. Kohl .................................... xv
Preface ....................................................... xxi
Introduction ............................................... i
Environmental Setting ...................................... 2
Climatic Conditions in the Bronze and Iron Ages ............ 7
Chronology and Periodization .............................. 12
Chronological Intricacies .............................. 12
Periodizations: Remarks about Terminology
and Structure .......................................... 17
General Definitions ....................................... 19
PART ONE. THE BRONZE AGE: THE RISE OF ECONOMIC AND
CULTURAL COMPLEXITY
i The Development of Bronze Metallurgy ......................... 25
The Stages of Metallurgical Development in Eurasia ........... 26
The Urals' Bronze Metallurgy ................................. 28
The Beginning .............................................. 28
Further Developments ....................................... 33
The Apex of Uralian Metallurgy: Expansion and Perfection ... 40
2 The Achievements and Collisions of the Early
and Middle Bronze Age ........................................ 45
The Yamnaya Culture in the Cis-Urals ......................... 45
Archaeological Characteristics ............................. 46
Chronological Variants and Their Cultural Attributions ..... 52
Were the Folk from the Yamnaya Kurgans Socially Organized
Pastoral Nomads? ........................................... 54
The Abashevo Culture ......................................... 57
The Sintashta Culture ........................................ 66
Archaeological Materials ................................... 68
Settlements .............................................. 68
Cemeteries ............................................... 75
The Petrovka Culture ......................................... 81
What Was Behind the Sintashta and Petrovka Antiquities? ...... 86
Economic Sphere ............................................ 86
Social Contrasts ........................................... 90
The Origin and Ultimate Fate of the Sintashta Cultural
Core-Tradition ............................................. 96
The Cultural Formations in the Forest Zone ................... 98
Cis-Urals Subarea .......................................... 98
The Forest-Steppe and Southern Taiga of Western Siberia ... 103
The Pre-Andronovo Horizon in the Western Siberian
Forest-Steppe ............................................. 104
Sites of the Seima-Turbino Type ........................... 106
3 Stabilization, Colonization, and Expansion in the Late
Bronze Age .................................................. 111
The Uralian Variant of the Srubnaya Family of Cultures ...... 111
Archaeological Characteristics ............................ 112
Economic and Social Aspects ............................... 120
The Andronovo Family of Cultures ............................ 123
The Alakul Culture ........................................ 127
Archaeological Characteristics .......................... 128
Complication of Internal Chronology and the Origin
of the Alakul Culture ................................... 136
The Fyodorovo Culture ..................................... 138
Archaeological Materials ................................ 139
The Problem of the Origin of the Fyodorovo Core-
Tradition ............................................... 144
Economic and Social Dimensions of the Andronovo
Cultures .................................................. 146
Northward Expansion ......................................... 150
The Andronovo-Like Cultural Horizon ....................... 151
4 On the Eve of a New Epoch: Final Bronze Age ................. 161
The Sargary Culture ......................................... 161
Mezhovka-Irmen Cultural Horizon ............................. 170
The Mezhovka Culture ...................................... 170
The Irmen Culture ......................................... 175
Summary: Bronze Age Trajectory .............................. 178
PART TWO. THE IRON AGE - FORMING EURASIAN INTERACTIONS
5 The Transition to the Iron Age and New Tendencies in
Economic Development ........................................ 187
The Introduction of Iron Technology into Eurasia ............ 188
The Ural Ferrous Metallurgy ................................. 193
The Ananyino Metallurgy (Cis-Urals Area) .................. 194
The Itkul Metallurgy (Trans-Urals Area) ................... 196
Transition to the Real Ferrous Metal Production ........... 197
6 The Southern Urals within the Nomadic World: At the
Cultural Crossroads ......................................... 203
General Aspects of Nomadic Studies .......................... 203
Ecological and Historical Dimensions of Eurasian
Nomadism .................................................. 203
About the Origins of Eurasian Nomadism .................... 209
Social Organization of Eurasian Nomads .................... 212
Material Culture of Nomads ................................ 215
The Nomads of Southern Urals ................................ 220
A Short Excursion into the History of Eurasian Nomads ..... 220
Nomadic Cultures of the Urals ............................. 230
Pre-Sarmatian and Initial Sarmatian Cultural
Development ............................................... 233
The Early Sarmatian Development (Prokhorovo Culture) ...... 240
The Middle and Late Sarmatian Developments ................ 245
7 The World of Cultures of Cis-Urals Forest Zone of Eastern
Europe: The Maintenance of Cultural Identities .............. 251
The Ananyino Cultural Groups ................................ 252
The Pyanobor Cultural Groups ................................ 261
8 The Forest-Steppe Cultures of the Urals and Western
Siberia: On the Northern Periphery of the Nomadic World ..... 277
Cultural Groups of the Forest-Mountain Area of the Middle
and Southern Urals .......................................... 277
The Forest-Steppe Cultures of the Trans-Urals and Western
Siberia ..................................................... 287
Pre-Sargat (Formative) Phase .............................. 289
Gorokhovo-Sargat Phase .................................... 292
Classic Sargat Phase ...................................... 298
Late Sargat Phase ......................................... 311
Summary: Interactions between Nomads and Forest
Populations ................................................. 312
9 Social Trends in North-Central Eurasia during the Second
and First Millennia вс ...................................... 316
Social Strategies of the Second Millennium вс ............... 317
Social Strategies in the Iron Age ........................... 326
Notes ......................................................... 339
References .................................................... 347
Index ......................................................... 375
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