Preface ....................................................... vii
Chapter 1. Basics of Climatological and Meteorological
Observations for GIS Applications .................... 1
Wolfgang Schoener
1.1. Data measurements and observations in climatology .......... 2
1.2. Data quality control and data homogenization in
climatology ............................................... 12
1.3. Metadata: documenting quality and usability ............... 20
1.4. Future perspectives ....................................... 25
1.5. Bibliography .............................................. 26
Chapter 2. Spatial Analysis, Cartography and Climate ........... 29
Daniel Joly
2.1. Introduction .............................................. 29
2.2. Geographic information necessary for interpolation ........ 32
2.3. The main interpolation methods ............................ 36
2.4. Geographic information used in statistical
interpolations: advantages and disadvantages .............. 42
2.5. Conclusion ................................................ 67
2.6. Bibliography .............................................. 69
Chapter 3. Geographical Information, Remote Sensing
and Climatology ..................................... 73
Vincent Dubreuil
3.1. Introduction .............................................. 73
3.2. The development phases of meteorological satellites ....... 74
3.3. Examples of how geostationary data are used in Brazil ..... 85
3.4. Examples of NOAA-AVHRR data used in Western France ........ 92
3.5. Conclusion ................................................ 99
3.6. Acknowledgements ......................................... 100
3.7. Bibliography ............................................. 100
Chapter 4. Geographical Information for the Initialization
of Numerical Weather Forecast Models and Climate
Modeling ........................................... 103
Pierre Bessemoulin
4.1. Introduction ............................................. 103
4.2. Brief description of the climate system .................. 103
4.3. Brief overview of numerical weather forecast models ...... 107
4.4. Role and description of the Earth's surface .............. 111
4.5. Description of surface parameters used in a forecast
model .................................................... 119
4.6. Bibliography ............................................. 123
Chapter 5. Assessing and Modeling the Urban Climate
in Lisbon .......................................... 125
Maria João Alcoforado
5.1. Introduction ............................................. 125
5.2. Historical evolution of urban climate studies ............ 126
5.3. Spatial scales ........................................... 127
5.4. Climatic modifications induced by settlements ............ 128
5.5. Urban climate monitoring methods ......................... 130
5.6. Modeling ................................................. 134
5.7. Modeling Lisbon's urban climate at the mesoscale ......... 135
5.8. Modeling Lisbon's urban climate at the microscale
(Telheiras city-district) ................................ 144
5.9. Conclusion ............................................... 152
5.10.Acknowledgements ......................................... 153
5.11.Bibliography ............................................. 154
Chapter 6. Geographical Information, Climate and
Atmospheric Pollution .............................. 159
Isabelle Roussel
6.1. Introduction ............................................. 159
6.2. Peak pollution periods and alerts: pollution and
climate paroxysm ......................................... 161
6.3. LAURE and territory age .................................. 171
6.4. The geography of science and action ...................... 180
6.5. Conclusion ............................................... 190
6.6. Bibliography ............................................. 191
Chapter 7. Geographical Information and Climatology
for Hydrology ...................................... 195
Jean-Pierre Laborde
7.1. Hydrological problems of today's society ................. 195
7.2. Pluviometry: a spatially continuous piece of
geographical information ................................. 200
7.3. The problems associated with recording rainfall and
average spatial rainfall ................................. 218
7.4. Conclusion ............................................... 228
7.5. Bibliography ............................................. 229
Chapter 8. Geographical Information, Climatology and
Forest Fires ....................................... 233
Pierre Carrega
8.1. Forest fires: associated risks and individual
components ............................................... 233
8.2. The influence that different climate and weather
factors have on forest fires: the indexes ................ 238
8.3. Using geographic information to work out the
meteorological risks associated with forest fires ........ 246
8.4. Conclusion ............................................... 267
8.5. Bibliography ............................................. 269
List of Authors ............................................... 271
Index ......................................................... 273
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