Part I Human Papillomavirus Facts and Novel Detection
Methods
1 Human Papillomavirus History and Epidemiology ................ 3
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 3
1.2 Historical Perspective .................................. 5
1.3 Epidemiology ............................................ 6
1.4 HPV in Women ............................................ 8
1.5 HPV in Men .............................................. 9
1.6 HPV Transmission Modes ................................. 12
1.7 Prevention ............................................. 14
References .................................................. 15
2 Laboratory Methods for Detection of Human Papillomavirus
Infection ................................................... 23
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 23
2.2 HPV DNA Methods ........................................ 24
2.3 HPV RNA Methods ........................................ 26
2.4 Serological Assays ..................................... 27
2.5 Detecting HPV Infection in Men ......................... 28
References .................................................. 28
Part II Human Papillomavirus and Urological-Associated
Diseases
3 Human Papillomavirus and External Genital Lesions ........... 33
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 33
3.2 Overview ............................................... 34
3.3 Clinical Manifestations ................................ 35
3.4 Differential Diagnosis ................................. 42
3.5 Detection Methods ...................................... 47
3.6 Treatment .............................................. 52
3.7 Other Treatment Modalities ............................. 63
3.8 Management of Latent and Subclinical HPV Infection ..... 66
3.9 Circumcision and HPV ................................... 67
3.10 Follow-Up .............................................. 67
3.11 Prevention ............................................. 67
References .................................................. 67
4 Human Papillomavirus-Associated Lesions of the Urinary
Tract ....................................................... 73
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 73
4.2 Overview ............................................... 73
4.3 Clinical Manifestations ................................ 74
4.4 Differential Diagnosis ................................. 76
4.5 Detection Methods ...................................... 76
4.6 Treatment .............................................. 82
4.7 Follow-Up .............................................. 91
4.8 Prevention ............................................. 91
4.9 The Role of HPV in Urethral, Bladder, Renal, and
Prostate Cancer Development ............................ 91
References .................................................. 93
5 Human Papillomavirus and Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia ... 97
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 97
5.2 Terminology ............................................ 98
5.3 Overview ............................................... 99
5.4 Multifocal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Bowenoid
Papulosis) ............................................ 102
5.5 Bowen's Disease ....................................... 105
5.6 Erythroplasia of Queyrat (Unifocal Intraepithelial
Neoplasia) ............................................ 107
5.7 Penile Lichen Sclerosus ............................... 110
5.8 Penile Horn ........................................... 113
5.9 Genital Paget's Disease ............................... 114
5.10 Kaposi's Sarcoma ...................................... 115
5.11 PIN Prevention ........................................ 116
References ................................................. 116
6 Human Papillomavirus and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the
Penis ...................................................... 121
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 121
6.2 Natural History of HPV in Male Subjects ............... 122
6.3 Etiology of Squamous Cell Cancer of the Penis ......... 122
6.4 Molecular Pathogenesis ................................ 123
6.5 Prevention of HPV Infection ........................... 126
6.6 HPV as a Prognostic Indicator in Penile Cancer ........ 126
6.7 Conclusion ............................................ 127
References ................................................. 127
Part III Human Papillomavirus and Other Anogenital
Premalignant Diseases
7 Human Papillomavirus and Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia .... 133
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 133
7.2 Overview .............................................. 133
7.3 Clinical Manifestations ............................... 136
7.4 Differential Diagnosis ................................ 136
7.5 Diagnosis ............................................. 137
7.6 Treatment for Anogenital Warts and AIN ................ 140
7.7 Surveillance .......................................... 145
7.8 Anal Disease Screening ................................ 145
7.9 Prevention of HPV-Related Anal Warts and AIN .......... 145
References ................................................. 145
8 Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Intraepithelial
Neoplasia .................................................. 149
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 149
8.2 Overview .............................................. 149
8.3 Terminology and Grading of Cervical Dysplastic
Lesions ............................................... 150
8.4 Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer Development .......... 152
8.5 Natural History of Cervical Dysplastic Lesions ........ 152
8.6 Clinical Manifestations ............................... 152
8.7 Diagnosis ............................................. 152
8.8 Treatment for HSIL and CIN ............................ 155
8.9 Treatment Modalities .................................. 155
8.10 Post-treatment Follow-Up .............................. 156
8.11 Prevention ............................................ 157
8.12 Screening ............................................. 158
References ................................................. 158
Part IV Human Papillomavirus Infection and Immunosuppression
9 Human Papillomavirus Infection in HIV-infected
Individuals ................................................ 163
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 163
9.2 Overview .............................................. 164
9.3 HPV Infectious Cycle .................................. 165
9.4 Effects of Host Immune Status on the Risk of HPV
Infection ............................................. 166
9.5 Host Immune Evasion Methods of HPV .................... 166
9.6 HPV Infection in Immunosuppressed Individuals ......... 167
9.7 Relationship Between Declining CD4+ Levels, HPV
Infection, and Anogenital Cancers ..................... 168
9.8 Relationship Between HIV/HPV. Coinfection and
CIN/Cervical Cancer ................................... 168
9.9 Relationship Between HIV/HPV. Coinfection and
AIN/Anal Cancer ....................................... 169
9.10 HAART in HPV-Associated Neoplasias .................... 171
9.11 HAART in HPV-Associated Cervical Disease .............. 171
9.12 HAART in HPV-Associated Anal Disease .................. 171
9.13 HAART in HPV-Associated Oral Disease .................. 172
9.14 Surveillance .......................................... 172
9.15 Considerations Regarding HPV Prophylactic and
Therapeutic Vaccines in HIV-infected Individuals ...... 172
References ................................................. 173
Part V Human Papillomavirus - Laser Treatment and
Prevention
10 Human Papillomavirus and C02 Laser Treatment ............... 181
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 181
10.2 Historic Background ................................... 181
10.3 C02 Laser Components .................................. 182
10.4 C02 Laser Beam ........................................ 183
10.5 C02 Laser Indications ................................. 186
10.6 Personal Laser Technique .............................. 186
References ................................................. 193
11 Human Papillomavirus Vaccines .............................. 195
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 195
11.2 HPV: An Overview ...................................... 196
11.3 A Short Introduction to Papillomavirus Biology ........ 197
11.4 Significance of HPV Proteins in the Generation of
Prophylactic and Therapeutic HPV Vaccines ............. 197
11.5 Natural History of HPV Antibodies ..................... 198
11.6 Prophylactic HPV Vaccination .......................... 200
11.7 HPV Vaccination: Issues to Be Addressed ............... 205
11.8 Prophylactic HPV Vaccines in Men ...................... 207
11.9 Therapeutic HPV Vaccination and Future Vaccine
Developments .......................................... 208
References ................................................. 209
Index ......................................................... 215
|
