CONTRIBUTORS ................................................... xi
PREFACE ...................................................... xiii
Kelley J. Tilmon
PART I Evolution of Populations and Species
1 Chemical Mediation of Host-Plant Specialization:
The Papilionid Paradigm ...................................... 3
May R. Berenbaum and Paul P. Feeny
How Lepidopterans Prefer ..................................... 4
How Lepidopteran Larvae Perform 4 Preference-Performance
Relationships in Lepidoptera ................................. 5
Chemical Mediation of Preference and Performance:
Papilionids as Paradigm ...................................... 6
Identifying the Chemical Cues: Kairomones and Allomones ...... 8
Preference and Performance Genes ............................ 11
P450s and Host-Use Evolution ................................ 14
Conclusions ................................................. 15
2 Evolution of Preference and Performance Relationships ....... 20
Timothy P. Craig and Joanne K. Rami
Limiting Constraints ........................................ 21
Preference and Performance in Three Well-Studied
Interactions ................................................ 22
Alternative Hypotheses ...................................... 26
Testing Hypotheses on Preference and Performance ............ 27
Conclusion .................................................. 27
3 Evolutionary Ecology of Polyphagy ........................... 29
Michael S. Singer
General Explanations for Host Specificity ................... 30
What about Polyphagy? ....................................... 31
Trade-offs as Explanations for Host-Plant Use ............... 32
Testing Theory with Polyphagous Woolly Bear Caterpillars .... 34
Conclusions ................................................. 39
4 Phenotypic Plasticity ....................................... 43
Kailen A. Mooney and Anurag A.
Agrawal Adaptive Value and Costs of Phenotypic Plasticity ... 43
The Consequences of Phenotypic Plasticity ................... 48
Future Directions ........................................... 51
5 Selection and Genetic Architecture of Plant Resistance ...... 58
Mary Ellen Czesak, Robert S. Fritz, and Cris
Hochwender
Selection on Resistance within Populations .................. 58
Genetic Architecture of Resistance Traits between
Populations and Species ..................................... 61
Architecture of Resistance in a Willow Hybrid System ........ 62
Summary ..................................................... 66
6 Introgression and Parapatric Speciation in a Hybrid Zone .... 69
J. Mark Scriber, Gabe J. Ording, and Rodrigo J.
Mercader
Hybrid Zones, "Evolutionary Novelties," and Isolation ....... 69
Climate Warming, Thermal Constraints, and Voltinism ......... 70
The Tiger Swallowtail Butterflies ........................... 70
Hybrid Papilio Populations and Species ...................... 75
The Nuts and Bolts .......................................... 78
Molecular Work .............................................. 82
Future Efforts .............................................. 82
Summary ..................................................... 83
7 Host Shifts, the Evolution of Communication, and
Speciation in the Enchenopa binotata Species Complex of
Treehoppers ................................................. 88
Reginald B. Cocroft, Rafael L. Rodriguez, and
Randy E.
Hunt Ecological Isolation in the E. binotata Complex ........ 89
Behavioral Sources of Assortative Mating .................... 90
Communication in a New Host Environment ..................... 93
8 Host Fruit-Odor Discrimination and Sympatric Host-
Race Formation ............................................. 101
Jeffrey L. Feder and Andrew A. Forbes
The Adaptive Zone Hypothesis ............................... 102
Ecological Adaptation, Host-Specific Mating, and
Reproductive Isolation ..................................... 102
Tom Wood and Ron Prokopy: Two Pioneers in the Study
of Insect Behavior and Diversity ........................... 103
Natural and Life History of Rhagoletis pomonella ........... 103
Behavioral Testing Using Synthetic Fruit Volatile
Blends ..................................................... 104
Genetic Analysis of Fruit-Odor Discrimination .............. 107
Physiological Basis for Fruit-Odor Discrimination .......... 108
A Genetic Model for Fruit-Odor Discrimination .............. 109
Theoretical Significance of the Fruit-Odor Discrimination
Studies .................................................... 110
Future Directions and Conclusions .......................... 112
Appendix: The Four-Component Genetic Model for Fruit-Odor
Discrimination ............................................. 112
9 Comparative Analyses of Ecological Speciation .............. 117
Daniel J. Funk and Patrik Nosil
Ecological Speciation ...................................... 117
Herbivorous Insect Exemplars ............................... 118
Comparative Approaches and Ecological Speciation ........... 120
Herbivore Analyses and Insights ............................ 122
Comparative Caveats ........................................ 129
Opportunities and Directions ............................... 131
10 Sympatric Speciation: Norm or Exception? ................ 136
Douglas J.
Futuyma Theory ............................................. 137
Biological Considerations .................................. 138
Evidence on Sympatric Speciation ........................... 141
The Allopatric Alternative ................................. 143
Conclusions ................................................ 144
PART II Co- and Macroevolutionary Radiation
11 Host-Plant Use, Diversification, and Coevolution:
Insights from Remote Oceanic Islands ....................... 151
George K. Roderick and Diana M. Percy
Islands as a Model System 151 Lessons from Island
Systems .................................................... 152
Conclusions ................................................ 158
12 Selection by Pollinators and Herbivores on Attraction
and Defense ................................................ 162
Lynn S. Adler
Selection by Pollinators on Plant Resistance ............... 163
Selection by Herbivores on Floral Traits ................... 164
Resistance and Attractions Traits May Not Be Independent ... 165
Herbivores and Pollinators May Not Be Independent .......... 166
Abiotic Factors and Geographic Variation ................... 167
Future Directions .......................................... 167
13 Adaptive Radiation: Phylogenetic Constraints and
Ecological Consequences .................................... 174
Peter W. Price
The Phylogenetic Constraints Hypothesis .................... 175
Adaptive Capture and Escape ................................ 176
The Adaptive Radiation of Common Sawflies .................. 177
Convergence of Constraints ................................. 177
Divergent Constraints ...................................... 179
The Similarities of Temperate and Tropical Insect
Herbivores ................................................. 180
Adaptive Radiation in Temperate and Tropical
Environments ............................................... 183
14 Sequential Radiation through Host-Race Formation:
Herbivore Diversity Leads to Diversity in Natural
Enemies .................................................... 188
Warren G. Abrahamson and Catherine P. Blair
Species Cause Species: Sympatric Speciation through
Host-Race Formation ........................................ 188
Sequential Radiation ....................................... 189
Conditions for Host-Race Formation ......................... 189
Cases of Sequential Radiation via Host-Race Formation ...... 190
Example Showing No Differentiation ......................... 196
Conclusions ................................................ 197
Sympatric Speciation Studies ............................... 199
15 The Oscillation Hypothesis of Host-Plant Range and
Speciation ................................................. 203
Niklas fanz and Soren Nylin
The Oscillation Hypothesis ................................. 204
Colonizations and Host-Range Expansions .................... 204
Synthesis: Speciation Rate ................................. 210
Conclusion ................................................. 213
16 Coevolution, Cryptic Speciation, and the Persistence
of Interactions ............................................ 216
John N.
Thompson A Blending of Perspectives: Populations,
Species, and Species Interactions .......................... 216
Cryptic Speciation in Insects .............................. 219
Cryptic Speciation in Plants and Its Effect on
Interactions with Insects .................................. 221
Implications ............................................... 222
17 Cophylogeny of Figs, Pollinators, Gallers, and
Parasitoids ................................................ 225
Summer I. Silvieus, Wendy L. Clement, and George
D. Weiblen
Background ................................................. 225
Overview ................................................... 227
Sampling and DNA Sequencing ................................ 227
Phylogenetic Analysis ...................................... 230
Reconciliation Analysis .................................... 230
Phytogenies of Figs and Wasps .............................. 231
Host Specificity of Nonpollinating Fig Wasps ............... 231
Double Dating of Figs and Fig Wasps ........................ 232
Modes of Speciation in Fig Pollinators, Gallers, and
Parasitoids ................................................ 236
Conclusions ................................................ 237
18 The Phylogenetic Dimension of Insect-Plant Interactions:
A Review of Recent Evidence ................................ 240
Isaac S.
Winkler and Charles Mitter Conservatism of Host-Plant
Use ........................................................ 241
Signatures of Long-Term History in Extant Insect-Plant
Interactions ............................................... 248
Diversification of Phytophagous Insects .................... 253
Synopsis and Conclusions ................................... 256
PART III Evolutionary Aspects of Pests, Invasive Species,
and the Environment
19 Evolution of Insect Resistance to Transgenic Plants ........ 267
Bruce E. Tabashnik and Yves Carrière
Transgenic Crops with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Toxins ... 267
Bt Toxins and Their Mode of Action ......................... 268
Genetic Basis of Resistance to Bt Toxins ................... 268
The Refuge Strategy for Delaying Pest Resistance to Bt
Crops ...................................................... 269
Pink Bollworm versus Bt Cotton in Arizona .................. 271
Conclusions and a Look to the Future ....................... 274
20 Exotic Plants and Enemy Resistance ......................... 280
John L. Maron and Montserrat Vilà
Rapid Evolution of Exotics in Response of Enemy Pressure ... 281
Exotics as Substrates for Studying the Evolutionary
Response of Plants to Natural Enemies ...................... 281
Hypotheses and Evidence for Plant Defenses ................. 281
Experimental Evidence for Evolution of Exotic Plant
Defense .................................................... 283
Response of St. John's Wort to an Altered Enemy
Landscape .................................................. 283
Among-Population Variation in Enemy Resistance ............. 289
Are Differences in Exotic and Native Phenotypes the
Product of Evolution? ...................................... 290
Conclusions ................................................ 291
21 Life-History Evolution in Native and Introduced
Populations ................................................ 296
Robert F. Denno, Merrill A. Peterson, Matthew
R. Weaver, and David J. Hawthorne
Life-History Strategy and Dispersal Ecology of Prokelisia
Planthoppers ............................................... 297
Geographic Distribution of the Insect and Host ............. 298
Geographic Source of Introduced Populations ................ 299
Genetic Variation in Native and Introduced Populations ..... 300
Variation in Dispersal, Associated Reproductive Traits,
and Voltinism .............................................. 301
Genetic Basis for Geographic Variation in the Incidence
of Dispersal ............................................... 302
Habitat Factors Underlying Geographic Variation in
Dispersal .................................................. 303
Conclusions and Synthesis .................................. 305
22 Rapid Natural and Anthropogenic Diet Evolution: Three
Examples from Checkerspot Butterflies ...................... 311
Michael C. Singer, Brian Wee, Sara Hawkins, and
Marie Butcher
Checkerspot Butterflies as a Study System .................. 311
First Host Shift, at Schneider's Meadow .................... 313
Second Host Shift, at Rabbit Meadow ........................ 314
Third Host shift, at Sonora Junction ....................... 318
Types of Anthropogenic Effect .............................. 319
Cryptically Anthropogenic Effects .......................... 320
Conclusions ................................................ 322
23 Conservation of Coevolved Insect Herbivores and Plants ..... 325
Carol L. Boggs and Paul R. Ehrlich
Habitat Destruction ........................................ 326
Species Introductions ...................................... 327
Changes in Disturbance Regimes ............................. 329
Climate Change ............................................. 329
Complex Interactions: Conservation Implications ............ 330
Conclusion ................................................. 330
INDEX ......................................................... 333
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